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Psychology > Chap 2 > Flashcards

Chap 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific study of biological bases of behavior and mental processes

A

Bioloical biology

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2
Q

Study of nervous system

A

Neuroscience

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3
Q

Neuron that communicates info from the environment to the nervous system

A

Sensory

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4
Q

Neuron that communicates info from the nervous system to the muscles

A

Motor neurons

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5
Q

Neuron that communicates to other neurons

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

Also called a soma, part of neuron that manufactures protein and processes nutrients

A

Cell body

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7
Q

Short branching fibers recieves messages from other cells

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

a single elongated tube that extends from the cell body in most but not all neurons. carries information from neuron to other cells in the body including your arms glands and muscles.

A

Axon

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9
Q

the support cells that assist neurons by providing structural support nutrition and the removal of cell wastes. manufacture myelin

A

Glial cells

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10
Q

A white fatty covering wrapped around the axons of some neurons that their communication speed

A

Myelin sheath

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11
Q

A brief electrical impulse by which information is transmitted along the axon of a neuron

A

Action potential

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12
Q

The minimum level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

A

Stimulus threshold

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13
Q

The state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate its message if it receives sufficient stimulation

A

Resting potential

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14
Q

Point of communication between two neurons

A

Synapse

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15
Q

The tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron

A

Synaptic gap

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16
Q

the branches at the end of an axon that contain tiny pouches or sacs called synaptic Vesicles

A

Axon terminals

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17
Q

The tiny pouches or sacs in an axon terminal that contain chemicals called neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic vesicles

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18
Q

Chemical Messengers manufactured by a neuron

A

Neurotransmitters

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19
Q

The process through which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap and effect by joining neurons

A

Synaptic transmission

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20
Q

The process by which neurotransmitter molecules detach from a postsynaptic neuron and are reabsorbed by a presynaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again

A

Reuptake

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21
Q

Neurotransmitter that causes muscle contractions and is involved in learning and memory

A

Acetylcholine

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22
Q

neurotransmitter involved in the regulation of bodily movement thought process and rewarding sensations

A

Dopamine

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23
Q

Neurotransmitter involved in sensory perceptions, sleep and emotions

A

Serotonin

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24
Q

neurotransmitter involved in learning memory and regulation of sleep, also hormone manufactured by adrenal glands

A

Norepinephrine

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25
Neurotransmitter that usually communicates an excitatory message
Glutamate
26
neurotransmitter that usually communicates and an inhibitory message
Gamma-aminobutyric acid GABA
27
Neurotransmitters that regulate pain perceptions
Endorphins
28
List different kinds of neurotransmitters
acetylcholine' dopamine, serotonin norepinephrine, glutamate, Gaba, endorphins
29
drug or other chemical substance that binds to a receptor site and triggers a response in the cell
Agonist
30
a drug or other chemical substance that blocks a receptor site and inhibits or prevents response in the receiving cell
Antagonist
31
the primary internal communication network of the body divided into central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
nervous system
32
Bundles of neuron axons that carry information in the peripheral nervous system
Nerves
33
Division of nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord
Central nervous system
34
Simple automatic behaviors that are processed by the spinal cord
Spinal reflexes
35
The division of nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system
Peripheral nervous system
36
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that communicates sensory information to the central nervous system and carries the motor messages from the central nervous system to the muscles
Somatic nervous system
37
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
Autonomic nervous system
38
the branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal and response to perceived emergencies or threats
sympathetic nervous system
39
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body's physical resources
parasympathetic nervous system
40
the system of glands located throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream
endocrine system
41
chemical Messengers secreted into the bloodstream primarily by the endocrine glands
hormones
42
the endocrine gland attached to the base of the brain that secretes hormones affecting the function of other glands as well as hormones that act directly on physical processes
pituitary gland
43
hormone involved in reproduction, social motivation and social behavior
oxytocin
44
pair of endocrine glands that are involved in the human stress response
adrenal glands
45
the outer portion of the adrenal glands
adrenal cortex
46
The inner portion of the adrenal gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
Adrenal medulla
47
Endocrine glands that secrete hormones that regulate sexual characteristics and reproductive processes; ovaries in females and testes in males
Gonads
48
Pseudo scientific theory of the brain that claimed that personality characteristics, moral character and intelligence could be determined by examining the bumps on a person's skull
Phrenology
49
The notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain also called localization of function
Cortical localization
50
The notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain also called localization of function
Cortical localization
51
map of neural Connections in the brain
Connectome
52
The brain's ability to shift functions from damage to undamaged brain areas
Functional plasticity
53
The brain's ability to change its physical structure in response to learning, active practice or environmental influences
Structural plasticity
54
The development of new neurons
Neurogenesis
55
a region of the brain made up of the hindbrain and midbrain
Brain stem
56
a region at the base of the brain that contain several structures that regulate basic life functions
Hindbrain
57
Hindbrain structure that controls vital life functions such as breathing and circulation
medulla
58
a hindbrain structure that connects the medulla to the two sides of the cerebellum, helps coordinate and integrate movements of each side of the body
Pons
59
Large two sided hindbrain structure at the back of the brain responsible for muscle coordination and maintaining posture and equilibrium
Cerebellum
60
The network of fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention arousal and sleep also called the reticular activating system
Reticular information
61
The middle and smallest brain region involved in processing auditory and visual sensory information
Midbrain
62
An area of the midbrain that is involved in motor control and contains a large concentration of dopamine-producing neurons
Substantia nigra
63
The largest and most complex brain region which contains centers for complex behaviors and mental processes also called the cerebellum
Forebrain
64
The wrinkled outer portion of the forebrain which contains the most sophisticated brain centers
Cerebral cortex
65
The nearly symmetrical left and right halves of the cerebral cortex
Cerebral hemispheres
66
the thick band of axons that connect the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them
Corpus callosum
67
An area of each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex near the temples that is the primary receiving area for auditory information
Temporal lobes
68
An area of the back of each cerebral hemisphere that is primary receiving area for visual information
Occipital lobe
69
An area on each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex located above the temporal lobe that processes somatic Sensations
Parietal lobe
70
The largest lobe of each cerebral hemisphere processes voluntary muscle movements and is involved in thinking, planning and emotional control
Frontal lobe
71
A group of forebrain structures that form a border around the brainstem and are involved in Emotion, motivation, learning and memory
Limbic system
72
curved for brain structure that is part of the limbic system and is involved in learning and forming new memories
Hippocampus
73
Before brain structure that processes sensory information for all senses except smell, relaying that information to the cerebral cortex
Thalamus
74
a peanut sized for brain structure that is part of the limbic system and that regulates behaviors related to survival such as eating, drinking and sexual activity
hypothalamus
75
and almond shaped cluster of neurons in the brain stem parole all involved in memory and emotional responses especially fear
Amygdala
76
Psychiatrist and neurologist was only 26 when he published his findings on type of aphasia that differ from that identified by Pierre Paul broca
Karl wernicki
77
In 1861 he discovered solid evidence for localization of language functions in the human brain
Pierre Paul broca
78
The notion that different functions are located or localized in different areas of the brain also called localization of function
Cortical localization
79
The notion that specific psychological or cognitive functions are processed primarily on one side of the brain
Lateralization of function
80
The partial or complete inability to articulate ideas or understand spoken or written language because of a brain injury or damage
Aphasia
81
A surgical procedure that involves cutting the corpus callosum
Split brain operation
82
Distinct type of motor neuron that becomes activated both when individuals perform a motor act and when they observe the same motor act done by another individual
Mirror neurons
83
Remove waste products from the nervous system including dead and damaged neurons
Microglia
84
Provide connections between neurons and blood vessels, also involved in brain development and the communication of information among neurons
Astrocytes
85
Two types of glial cells that form the myelin sheath
Ogliodendrites and Schwab cells
86
Gaps in the myelin sheath
Nodes of ranvier
87
A disease that causes degeneration of patches of the myelin sheath
Multiple sclerosis
88
The action potential is produced by the movement of electrically charged particles called...
Ions
89
A neuron when it's waiting to be stimulated
Polarized
90
What happens to a cell when the action potential is reached
Depolarization
91
What is the charge measurement at resting potential at polarization
-70 millivolts
92
What is the charge of an axon after depolaization
+30 millivolts
93
Unlike electricity traveling down a wire the action potential is
Regenerated
94
The period when axon is repolarizing and cannot fire again
Refractory period
95
A message sending neuron.
Presynaptic neuron
96
A message sending neuron.
Postsynaptic neuron
97
A message that Increases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will activate and generate an action potential
Excitatory message
98
A message that decreases the likelihood that a postsynaptic neuron will activate
Inhibitory message
99
Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve Steve
Carly is the best girlfriend in the world
100
Fluid that protects your brain and your spinal column
Cerebrospinal fluid
101
secretes the growth hormone
Pituitary gland
102
Hormone that stimulates milk production
Prolactin
103
Gland that releases milk from the breast
Oxytocin
104
Given to women to induce labor
Pitocin
105
Sex hormones
Progesterone, estrogen, androgens, testosterone
106
The brains ability to change function and structure
Neuroplasticity

Psychology (4 decks)

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