chap 3

Question 1

William Penn

Answer 1

Quaker (1862) who got PA to adopt “the great law”

Question 2

The great law

Answer 2

Emphasized hard labor in a house of correction as punishment
based on humane Quaker principles.
death for premeditated murder

Question 3

Penitentiary

Answer 3

an institution that isolates individuals convicted of a crime from society
for reflecting on the past misdeeds repent and undergo reformation

Question 4

Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)

Answer 4

Advocated for penitentiary as a replacement for capital and corporal punishment

Question 5

Separate confinement

Answer 5

A PA penitentiary system in which individuals were held in isolation
Activities took place within cells

Question 6

Robert VAUX

Answer 6

One of the original reformers for Pennsylvania system

Question 7

elam lynds (1784-1855)

Answer 7

A warden at the New York Auburn system
Developed a congregate system and a regimen of strict discipline

Question 8

Congregate system

Answer 8

A system where prisoners were held in isolation at night but worked with others during the day under rules of silence

Question 9

Contract labor system

Answer 9

Essential to Auburn and other northeast penitentiaries.
Labor from the convicted was sold on contractual basis to private employers.

Question 10

Pennsylvania versus New York implementation methods

Answer 10

PA: isolation, penance, contemplation, labor, silence
NY: strict obedience, labor, silence

Question 11

Pennsylvania versus New York days

Answer 11

PA: Individuals are kept in their cells for eating, sleeping, and working.
NY: Individuals sleep in their cells but come together to eat and work.

Question 12

Pennsylvania versus New York Activities

Answer 12

PA: Bible reading, working on crafts in cell
NY: Working together in shops making goods to be sold by the state

Question 13

Enoch Cobb Wines (1806-1879)

Answer 13

organizer of the National Prison Association in cincinnati ohio, 1870
contributor to the Cincinnati Declaration of Principles.

Question 14

mark systems

Answer 14

A system in which prison residents are assessed a certain number of marks
based on the severity of their crime, at the time of sentencing.
Possibility of reducing marks and jail time

Question 15

Zebulon Brockway (1827–1920)

Answer 15

head of Detroit’sHouse of Correction
believed that diagnosis and treatment were the keys to reform and rehabilitation.

Question 16

reformatory

Answer 16

an institution to which youthful offenders are sent as an alternative to prison

Question 17

Progressive programs in two words:

Answer 17

conscience and convenience.

Question 18

positivist school

Answer 18

the assumptions that human behavior is a product of biological, economic, psychological, and social factors.
The scientific method can be applied to ascertain the causes of individual behavior.

Question 19

medical model

Answer 19

the assumption that criminal behavior is caused by social, psychological, or biological defects that require treatment.

Question 20

community corrections

Answer 20

believes reintegrating the convicted individual into the community should be the goal of the criminal justice system

Question 21

lease system

Answer 21

people who were convicted of crimes were leased to contractors who provided these individuals with food and clothing in exchange for their labor.

Question 22

crime control model of corrections

Answer 22

based on the assumption that criminal behavior can be controlled by more use of incarceration and other forms of strict supervision.

Question 23

Three Elements of Reform Implemented by Progressives

Answer 23

probation, indeterminate sentences, parole
no religious or moral explanations

Question 24

progressive reform strats

Answer 24

improving conditions in environments that seemed to be grounds for crime
rehabilitating individuals.

Question 25

emira reformary was designed for

Answer 25

males 16-30 who were convicted of their 1st felony

Question 26

Black Codes

Answer 26

laws designed to control newly freed African Americans in the South.

Question 27

Large-scale penal farms developed mainly in the latter half of the century, particularly in:

Answer 27

Louisiana, Mississippi, and Texas.

Question 28

west settlements took off:

Answer 28

during/after california gold rush

Question 29

rising crime rates began in

Answer 29

1960s

Question 30

The great law was replaced by

Answer 30

the Anglican Code in 1718

Question 31

jails held people who

Answer 31

could not pay debt, or people awaiting court.

Question 32

States that added incarceration with hard labor as an alternative to such public punishments as whipping and stocks

Answer 32

Connecticut (1773)
Massachusetts (1785)
New York (1796)
Pennsylvania (1786)