Chap 3

Question 1

What is learning ?

Answer 1

learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior due to practise and experience

Question 2

what are the 4 attributes to learning ?

Answer 2

• its a process of relatively permanent change in behavior
• it does not change due to illness or fatigue or maturation, nor use of intoxicant
• its not directly observable but it manifests in activities
• learning depends on practise and experience

Question 3

what are the characteristics of learning ?

Answer 3

according to yoakman and simpson :
1. continuous modification of behavior throughout life
2. pervasive
3. involves the whole person
4. is often a change in the organization of experiences
5. is responsive to encouragement
6. is an active process
7. is purposeful
8. depends on maturation and motivation
9. is multifaceted

Question 4

what are he factors that could influence learning ?

Answer 4

1. motivation
2. intelligence
3. maturation
4. physical condition of the learner
5. working conditions
6. mental wellbeing of the learner
7. background experience
8. length of the working period

Question 5

what is the classical conditioning theory of learning

Answer 5

by ivan pavlov
it focuses on the learning of the involuntary emotional and psychological responses.
The theory aims to explain the way in which reflex behavior may become associated with a new stimulus that does not naturally activate that behavior

Question 6

what are the basics of classical conditioning

Answer 6

• neutral stimulus
• unconditioned stimulus
• unconditioned response
• conditioned stimulus
• conditioned response

Question 7

what is stimulus generalization ?

Answer 7

its when a stimulus that is similar to an already conditioned stimulus starts to produce the same responses as the original stimulus

Question 8

what is stimulus discrimination ?

Answer 8

its when an organism differentiate between the conditioned stimulus and a similar one

Question 9

what’s acquisition

Answer 9

its the initial stage where one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus can trigger the conditioned response

Question 10

what’s an extinction ?

Answer 10

its when responses start to decrease if conditioned stimulus is not accompanied by the unconditioned stimulus over time

Question 11

spontaneous recovery ?

Answer 11

its the reappearance of the conditioned response after a rest period or lessened response

Question 12

what’s the operant conditioning

Answer 12

by : BF skinner
learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

Question 13

how does skinner describe learning

Answer 13

he describes it as a voluntary response, it can be strengthened or weakened depending on the positive or negative consequences.

Question 14

what are the basic steps followed by skinner in operant conditioning

Answer 14

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Question 15

what are the consequences of the learners responses?

Answer 15

1. neutral consequences
2. a reinforcement
3. punishment

Question 16

what is a neutral consequence

Answer 16

it does not alter the response or the behavior of the learner

Question 17

what does reinforcement do ?

Answer 17

it will increase the likelihood of a response or a behavior

Question 18

what are the 2 kinds of reinforcers?

Answer 18

+ primary reinforcer : ability to reinforce without prior learning = food or water
+ secondary reinforcer: become a reinforcer because of its association with a primary reinforcer = money , praise

Question 19

what are positive and negative reinforcer ?

Answer 19

+ positive reinforcer: application of a pleasant stimulus after a response
+ negative reinforcer : the removal of something unpleasant from the environment

Question 20

what is a schedule of reinforcement

Answer 20

its the frequency and timing of the reinforcements

Question 21

what is a continuous reinforcement ?

Answer 21

its a reinforcement where there is a reward for every time there was a desired response

Question 22

what’s a partial reinforcement ?

Answer 22

its a reinforcement where there is a reward for some instances where there was a desired response

Question 23

what are the 4 types of partial schedules

Answer 23

1. fixed-ratio schedules
2. variable ratio schedules
3. fixed interval schedules
4. variable interval schedules

Question 24

what is a punishment

Answer 24

its the use of unpleasant stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior to reoccur

Question 25

what are the 2 kinds of punishments

Answer 25

primary punishers: pain and extreme temperature secondary punishers: criticism, fines , scolding

Question 26

what are positive and negative punishments ?

Answer 26

+ positive punishments : the addition of unpleasant stimulus that decreases the possibility of a behavior to reoccur + negative punishments : is taking away reinforcing stimulus , which also decreases the likelihood of behavioral reoccurrence

Question 27

what are the pros of punishment

Answer 27

1. immediacy 2. consistency 3. intensity

Question 28

what are the cons of punishment

Question 29

what is the application of the theory

Answer 29

1. conditioning study behavior 2. conditioning and classroom behavior 3. managing problem behavior 4. dealing with anxieties through conditioning 5. conditioning group behavior 6. conditioning and cognitive processes 7. shaping complex behavior

Question 30

what is the social learning theory

Answer 30

by: Albert Bandura what : the theory claims that a major part of human learning takes place through observing the behavior of another person

Question 31

what are the 2 kind of models that people copy

Answer 31

real life: existing people symbolic : representatives of real life models

Question 32

what are the 3 forms of reinforcement for observational learning

Answer 32

1. direct reinforcement 2. vicarious reinforcement 3. self reinforcement

Question 33

what are the 4 conditions in social learning theory

Answer 33

1. attention 2. retention 3. motor reproduction 4. motivation

Question 34

what does the cognitive learning theory focus on

Answer 34

it focuses on how information is obtained , processed and organized

Question 35

what are the 2 forms of cognitive learning

Answer 35

1. latent : learning that isnt immediate and occurs without the reinforcement of a particular response 2. insight: situation where a problem is posed, a period follows during which no apparent progress is made, and then the solution comes suddenly.