Chap. 3

Question 1

ado are more sophisticated compared to kids in what ways

Answer 1

• think about possibilities
• think about abstract concepts
• think about thinking
• think in multi dimensions
• see things as relative (and move between relative and abstact)

Question 2

counterfactual thinking

Answer 2

• thinking about how things could have been different and how they might change

Question 3

deductive reasoning

Answer 3

drawing rational conclusions from genreral premises or givens

Question 4

hypothetical thinking

Answer 4

if-then thinking
- seeing what is beyond the observered

Question 5

what is systematic and abstract thinking

Answer 5

• think about interpersonal relationships, politics, phil, religon, and morality
• think about friendship, faith, democracy, fairness, and honesty
• improvement in social thinking affects the abstract thinking

Question 6

metacognition

Answer 6

• the process of thinking about itself
• monitoring their own cognitve ability
• assess how well they learn
• increased intrpection (own emotional thinking)
• increased self consciousness

Question 7

ado egocentrism

Answer 7

• extreme self aborption (david elkind)
  2 types of problems:
• imgainary audience (everyone is watching them)
• personal fable (they are unique and don’t have to follow the rules given)

Question 8

thinking in multi dimensions

Answer 8

view things from more than one aspect at a time
- more complicated self conceptions
- describe themselves and others in a complex way
- understand sarcasm

Question 9

ado relativism

Answer 9

• question other’s more
• trouble when they see thier parents as relative

Question 10

piagetian view
abstarct system of logical reasoning

Answer 10

• main thing that seperates ado and kids
• works in both real life and hypo situations

Question 11

piagetian view
competence and performance

Answer 11

• seperate what can be done and what they do in real life
• decisions are marked by errors in logic

Question 12

piagetian view
research

Answer 12

little research in:
- cog development happens in stages
- that there is a unique stage of thinking
advanced
- develops gradually, continuously, and steady

Question 13

4 areas that improvement occurs in ado

Answer 13

1. attention
2. memory
3. processing speed
4. organization

Question 14

attention

Answer 14

• selective (1 stimulus)
• divided (multi stimulus)
• stop unwanted response

Question 15

memory

Answer 15

• working (info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved)
• long term (recall something from a long time ago)
• autobio (recall personal events)
• reminiscence bump ( ado memories will be called more than other stages of life)

Question 16

processing speed

Answer 16

• process info faster
• biggest increase is in early ado

Question 17

organization

Answer 17

• improvement in the ability to organize strategies when approaching problems
• with age, it becomes more efficient

Question 18

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Answer 18

a tech used get pics of the brain
- subhect will be doing an activity while the process is happening

Question 19

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

Answer 19

tech used to get pics of the brain while the brain is making connections in different regions

Question 20

brain development changes

Answer 20

brain structure (the physical oranization of the brain)
brain function (pattern of the brain activity)

Question 21

how do scientsts study the different ages of the brain

Answer 21

• Electrocephalography (EEG) (the tech used to measure the electric activity at different regions)
• event-related potentials (ERPs) (specific stimuli will get a different response in an area of the brain)

Question 22

What is white matter in the brain

Answer 22

it provides the support and protection for nuerons

Question 23

developmental plasticity

Answer 23

reshaping of the brain during ado and childhood which the brian is maturing

Question 24

adult plasticity

Answer 24

minor changes to the brain because of the experiences in adulthood

Question 25

prefrontal cortex

Answer 25

the region of the brain thats incharge of the sophisticated thinking: - planning - thinking - weighing risks - controlling impluses

Question 26

limbic system

Answer 26

area of the brain that's important for processing: - emotions - social info - rewards - punishments

Question 27

changes involving the prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

1. response inhibiton (the suppression of behaviour that isn't needed) 2. executive functioning (advanced thinking)

Question 28

Functional activity

Answer 28

multiple regions of the brain function at the same time and it improves during ado

Question 29

Dopamine and serotonin

Answer 29

D: the nuerotransmitter thats important for the regulation of the experience of rewards S: a nuerotransmitter for the experience of different moods these make the ado sensitive to different emotions and sensation seeking rewards

Question 30

Social brain

Answer 30

- more sensitive to facial expressions/social cues - increased sensititivity to social evaluation - more susceptible to peer pressure - variance in how ados can influence others - may feel more embarrassment

Question 31

social cognition

Answer 31

the concerned thinking about others, interpersonal relations, and social institutions

Question 32

area of research on social cog

Answer 32

1. theory of mind 2. thinking about social relationships 3. understanding social conventions 4. conceptions pf laws, civil liberites, and rights

Question 33

theory of mind

Answer 33

the understanding of others personalities and psych states (and how it can be diff from our own) - leads to improve communition/rebellion

Question 34

mentalizing

Answer 34

the ability to undersatnd someone else's mental state

Question 35

thinking about social relationships

Answer 35

changes to the understanding of relationships effects: - how ado perceive peer exclusion - beliefs about authority - willingness to question parent's rules - view of teachers' authority

Question 36

understanding social conventions

Answer 36

the norms that govern everyday behaviour in social situations - seen as arbitrary - they regulate people's behaviour and coordinate reactions with people

Question 37

conceptions of laws, civil liberties, right

Answer 37

- some laws shouldn't be restricted - laws are there for the community

Question 38

behavioural decision theory

Answer 38

1. identify alt. choices 2. identify possible consquences of each choice 3. exaluate the cost of consequence 4. assess the odds of consequence 5. combine all info to make a decision an approach to understand ado risk taking

Question 39

why are ado more likely to engage in risky behaviour

Answer 39

- think more about peer's opinions and reactions - pay more attention to rewards (adults look at risks more)

Question 40

emotional and contextual influence on risk

Answer 40

- quality of ado decision making decline when they are emotionally aroused - high in sensation seeking are gonna take more risks

Question 41

sensation seeking

Answer 41

pursuite of experiences that are novel or exciting

Question 42

reduce ado risk taking

Answer 42

- little evidence for class room education avoid risky behaviour - more likely to be swayed by personal experience - limiting teens' ability to take risks - help them find safe and +'ve risks