Chap 3 The Human Movement System

Question 1

What are the 2 parts of the nervous system

Answer 1

central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 2

central nervous system (CNS)

Answer 2

includes the brain and spinal cord, and its primary function is to coordinate activity of all parts of the body

Question 3

peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Answer 3

extension of the CNS (Central Nervous system) and includes nerve fibers that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to the body

Question 4

What is the nervous system made up of

Answer 4

100 billion specialized nerve cells called neurons

Question 5

What is the neuron

Answer 5

the functional unit of the nervous system.

Made of three main parts:

1. the cell body
2. axon
3. dendrites.

Question 6

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 6

Sensory receptors responsible for sensing change of position in body tissues.

Question 7

What can Mechanoreceptors be stimulated by

Answer 7

1. touch,
2. pressure,
3. stretch,
4. motion,

And, They allow the brain to gauge body position.

Question 8

What is Proprioreception

Answer 8

Sensory input TO Central Nervous System (CNS) FROM the mechanoreceptors in the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Question 9

Muscle spindles

Answer 9

Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change.

mechanoreceptors found in skeletal muscles that measure the amount* and *rate* of *stretch.

When the muscle is lengthened too much or too quickly, the muscle spindle sends messages to the CNS, resulting in muscular contraction as a protective response.

Question 10

Golgi tendon organs (GTOs

Receptors sensitive to the change in tension of the muscle, and the rate of that change.

tension is too great or develops too fast, -GTO will cause muscles to relax as a safety response.

This happens after the muscle spindle causes the protective muscular contraction. This contraction creates the tension the GTO measures, and after 20 to 30 seconds of GTO stimulation, it will signal the brain to have the muscle relax.

20-30 sec stretches, muscles relax

Question 11

What is the difference between Muscle Spindles and GTO Golgi Tendon Organs

Answer 11

Muscle spindles Receptors sensitive to change in length of the muscle, and the rate of that change

Question 12

Myofibrils

Answer 12

Muslce cells are made up of muscle fibers, with smaller tubes held within called myofirbils.

Mysofribils are Tubular component of muscle cells containing sarcomeres and protein filaments

Question 13

Sarcomeres

Answer 13

Individual contractile units made up of two types of filamnets:

actin (thin) and myosin (thick)

Question 14

Type I Fibers

Are they slow or fast twitch?

Are they areobic or aneerobic?

More or less resistant to fatigue?

what about Size? force? growth?

Answer 14

• known as slow-twitch fibers because they are slower to reach maximal contraction.
• Aerobic-

Because they have a greater ability to OBTAIN and USE oxygen

DUE TO the large #s of

MORE Capillaries, mitochondria, & myoglobin

increased oxygen delivery

• smaller in size
• produce less force
• do not respond as well to muscle growth.
• *MORE resistant to fatigue (or slow to fatigue)**
• Long term contactions (stabalization)

Question 15

twitch

Question 17

What are examples of Type 1 fiber workouts

Answer 17

• Distance running,
• cross-country skiing,
• dance-oriented

Question 18

Type II Fibers

Are they slow or fast twitch?

Are they areobic or aneerobic?

More or less resistant to fatigue?

what about Size? force? growth?

Answer 18

fast-twitch fibers.

fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin

With fewer capillaries, there is _less oxygen deliver_y;

larger in size

type II muscle fibers are considered to be more anaerobic and more susceptible to muscle enlargement.

They produce more speed and strength, & force than type I fibers, but the burst of intensity is short-lived.

LESS resistant to fatigue (or quick to fatigue)

Short term contractions (force and power)

Exercises:

High-intensity interval training (HIIT), sprinting, and plyometric jumping are examples of activities that recruit and build type II muscle fibers

Question 19

What are the 3 ways to categorize muscle movement

Answer 19

Agonist
Antagonist

Synergist

Question 20

Anaerobic

Answer 20

Meaning “without oxygen,” the short-term energy production cycle that occurs with insufficient oxygen levels.

Question 21

Agonist

Answer 21

Muscle that works as the prime mover of a joint exercise.

Movers that produce the most foce for a particular joint action

EXAMPLE:

gluteus maxiums at the hip during a squat

Pectoralis Major at the shoulder during a push up.

Question 22

Synergists

Answer 22

Muscles that assist the prime mover in a joint action.

EXAMPLE

Piriformis, a small deep glut muscle, is a synergist at the hip during a squat

Question 23

Mitochondria memory tip

Answer 23

nicknamed the “powerhouse of the cell.”

Mitochondria are organelles that contain genetic material and enzymes necessary for cell metabolism, converting food to energy.

Question 25

Antagonist

Answer 25

Muscles that oppose the prime mover.

Question 26

Exercise examples for: AGONIST SYNERGIST ANTAGONIST

Answer 26

Question 27

joint

Answer 27

e two or more bones join to create motion

Question 28

Ligaments

Answer 28

Strong connective tissue that connects bone to bone.

Question 29

tendons

Answer 29

e connective tissues attaching ***_muscle_* to bone** at the insertion point

Question 30

What is the difference between joint, ligament, & tendon

Answer 30

**joint**-where 2 bones meet to _create motion_ **Ligament**- tissues connecting _bone_ to bone **tendon**-tissues connecting _muscle_ to bone.

Question 31

5 roles of the skeletal system

Answer 31

movement support (framework) protection blood production mineral storage

Question 32

What are the **2 divisions of the _skeletal system_**

Answer 32

**_Axial_ -** Skull, rib cage, vertebral/Sprinal column - **creates protective structure.** It has 4 segments (skull, hyoid bone, sternum/ribs, spinal column) **_Appendicular_-**bones that support the **_upper an lower extremities._**

Question 33

How can joints be categorized?

Answer 33

By both their **STRUCTURE** and their **FUNCTION**

Question 34

What are the 3 major joint motions?

Answer 34

Roll Slide Spin

Question 35

What are the 3 main types of joints in the body 1. **synovial,** 2. **non-synovial,** 3. **cartilaginous.**

Question 36

What are SYNOVIAL joints

Answer 36

Joints held together by a **fluid-based synovial capsule** and **ligaments**; the type of joint most associated with **movement** in the body * 80% of all joints in the body * have the greatest capaticty for motion * Also, there are several types of SYNOVIAL joints.

Question 37

What is the FUNCTION of joints

Answer 37

allow movement while providing stability. allow for a functional movement to take place without ***_unwanted_*** movement. All joints are linked together, movement of one joint directly affects the motion of others -the premise behind kinetic chain movement.3,5

Question 38

Types of joints TABLE with characteristics & Examples

Answer 38

Question 39

Why can it take up to 6 weeks recovery for connective tissues damaged?

Answer 39

Ligaments and tendons have a low blood supply

Question 40

Reciprocal inhibition

Answer 40

Simultaneous **contraction** of **one emuscl** and the **relaxation** of its **_antagonist_** to ­allow ***movement to take place.***

Question 41

Length–tension Relationships

Answer 41

the length at which a muscle can create the tension or force. there is a strong relationship between the length of a muscle and the tension muscle can produce: ▼ If a muscle is too short or too long, it will not be able to produce as much force. ▼ A muscle at ideal length can produce the most force.

Question 42

What's an interesting fact on force coupe relationships

Answer 42

When muscles are lengthened or shortened d**ue to an individual’s deconditioned state,** force-couple relationships can be altered, changing the **overall movement** and potentially **putting** **too much stress on the _synergists_.**

Question 43

Altered reciprocal inhibition

Answer 43

Process by which an **overactive muscle _decreases neural drive_** to its **functional antagonist IN the force coupe relationship** contributes to muscular imbalances and potential injury.

Question 44

Posture

Answer 44

Alignment of all parts of the kinetic chain with the purpose of countering external forces and maintaining structural efficiency let students know posture= the constant structure of their body and promotes the ability to **_move in the most efficient way possible_**

Question 45

Neutral spine

Answer 45

The natural position of the spine when the **cervical, thoracic, and lumbar curves** are in good alignment.

Question 47

Scoliosis

Answer 47

TWISTED. Abnormal **lateral bending, twisting or rotating** of the spine

Question 48

kyphosis

Answer 48

A HUMP. Abnormal rounding of the thoracic portion of the spine, usually accompanied by rounded shoulders.

Question 49

Lordosis

Answer 49

SWAY BACK; increased or excessive **concave curve** lumbar curve. Often also creates increased **anterior tilt of the pelvis**

Question 50

what is an UNDERactive muscle

Answer 50

weak and not being recruited as it should.