chap 4

Question 1

A major reason why organisms do not spread everywhere is that each species and each individual organism of a species has a particular range of ______ to variations in chemical and physical factors in its environment such as temperature

Answer 1

tolerance

Question 2

Limiting factors in terrestrial ecosystem can include:

Answer 2

temperature, water, soil, nutrients, and light

Question 3

______ states that the existence, abundance and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall above or below the levels tolerated by the species.

Answer 3

Law of tolerance

Question 4

_____ states that too much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population of a species in an ecosystem, even if all factors are at or near he optimum range of tolerance for the species.

Answer 4

Limiting factor principle or Principle of limiting factor

Question 5

refers to the species way of life or functional role in an ecosystem. Involves everything that affects its survival and reproduction.

Answer 5

Ecological Niche

Question 6

Species’ niche:

Answer 6

a. tolerance for various physical and chemical conditions

b. type of resources

c. how it interacts with other living and non-living components

d. role it plays in the energy flow

Question 7

the actual location where a species lives. Ecologists often say that a niche is like a species’ ______, whereas ____ is like its ______

Answer 7

Habitat, occupation, address

Question 8

Types of ecological niche:

Answer 8

a. fundamental niche
b. realized niche

Question 9

the full potential range of conditions and resources a species could theoretically use if there were no direct competition from other species.

Answer 9

Fundamental niche

Question 10

parts of the fundamental niche of a species that are actually used by that species

Answer 10

realized niche

Question 11

have broad niches and can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions

Answer 11

generalist species

Question 12

Broad classification of species according to their niches:

Answer 12

i. generalist species
ii. specialist species

Question 13

have narrow niches and may be able to live in only one type of habitat, tolerate only a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions, or use only one or few types of food.

Answer 13

specialist species

Question 14

general types of species according to the roles they have in ecosystems:

Answer 14

i. native or endemic species
ii. nonnative, alien, or exotic species
iii. indicator species
iv. keystone species

Question 15

species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem

Answer 15

native or endemic species

Question 16

species that migrate into an ecosystem or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem by humans

Answer 16

nonnative, alien, or exotic species

Question 17

species that serves as early warnings that a community or ecosystem is being degraded

Answer 17

indicator species

Question 18

species that play roles affecting many organism in an ecosystem

Answer 18

keystone species

Question 19

Three basic types of interactions among species:

Answer 19

1. competition
2. predation
3. symbiosis

Question 20

occurs when two or ore organisms compete for food, space, or other limited resources.

Answer 20

competition

Question 21

two or more organisms of a SINGLE SPECIES trying to use the same limited resources

Answer 21

intraspecific competition

Question 22

members of two or more species trying to use the same limited resources

Answer 22

interspecific competition

Question 23

situation in which member of one species feed directly on all or part of a living organism of another species (the prey).

Answer 23

predation

Question 24

the prey may or may not die from the interaction (T/F)

Answer 24

okay fine, true

Question 25

a long-lasting relationship in which species live together in an intimate association

Answer 25

symbiosis

Question 26

types of sybmiosis

Answer 26

i. parasitism ii. parasitoidism iii. mutualism iv. commensalism v. amensalism

Question 27

occurs when one species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host for a significant potion of the host's life

Answer 27

Parasitism

Question 28

live inside their host

Answer 28

endoparasites

Question 29

attach themselves to the outside of their host

Answer 29

ectoparasites

Question 30

small number of parasites that routinely kill their hosts as part of their life cycle

Answer 30

parasitoidism

Question 31

two species involved in a symbiotic relationship interact in ways that benefit both

Answer 31

mutualism

Question 32

relationship is essential for the survival of both populations

Answer 32

obligatory mutualism

Question 33

relationship is not essential for the survival of either population, e.g., insects involve in seed dispersal and pollination

Answer 33

nonobligatory mutualism

Question 34

a symbiotic interaction that benefits one species but neither harms nor helps the other species much, if at all

Answer 34

commensalism

Question 35

is an ecological interaction between two species, but in this association among organisms of two different species, one is destroyed or inhibited, and the other remains unaffected.

Answer 35

amensalism