hydrology

Question 1

are formed when
raindrops are carried
upward by thunderstorm
updrafts into extremely cold
areas of the atmosphere
and freeze.

Answer 1

Hail

Question 2

is a liquid precipitation
falling from the sky. Rain
occurs when air rises into the
upper atmosphere and cools.
The cool temperatures cause
water vapor to condense into
water droplets, which fall
from the clouds as rain.

Answer 2

Rain

Question 3

is like a mix of rain and snow, it starts as a snowflake but melts into raindrops as it falls through a layer of warm air

Answer 3

Sleet

Question 4

is precipitation
that forms when water
vapor freezes. It is ice
crystals that form in the
cold clouds.

Answer 4

Snow

Question 5

Rapid upward movement of warm
air causes short, intense rainfall,
often with thunderstorms or hail.

Answer 5

Convective Storms

Question 6

Moist air rises over mountains, leading
to heavy rain on the windward side and
drier conditions on the leeward side

Answer 6

Orographic Storms

Question 7

Large low-pressure systems bring
widespread, prolonged rainfall

Answer 7

Cyclonic Storms

Question 8

Intense storms over warm oceans
produce heavy rain, strong winds, and
storm surges

Answer 8

Hurricanes or Tropical Cyclones

Question 9

Liquid water drops

Answer 9

rain

Question 10

ice crystals

Answer 10

snow

Question 11

small ice pelletes

Answer 11

sleet

Question 12

large ice balls

Answer 12

hail

Question 13

rain that turns to ice on surface

Answer 13

freezing rain

Question 14

light, tiny water drops

Answer 14

drizzle

Question 15

soft ice balls formed on snowflakes

Answer 15

graupel

Question 16

How much water
has fallen over a
period of time.

Answer 16

depth

Question 17

Refers to the length
of time rainfall
occurs

Answer 17

duration

Question 18

Ratio of the total
amount of rain falling
during a period of time

Answer 18

intensity

Question 19

Graphical representation
between rainfall intensity
and time

Answer 19

hyetography

Question 20

• Also known as Station Rainfall
  it refers to the rainfall data of a station
• Daily, weekly, monthly, seasonal, or annual rainfall

Answer 20

point rainfall

Question 21

Rainfall is expressed in terms of
the _______ to which rainwater
would stand on an area, if all the
rain were collected on it.

Answer 21

depth

Question 22

what to plant in certain areas, where and when to plant, when
to harvest

Answer 22

agriculture

Question 23

how and when to irrigate

Answer 23

horticulture/viticulture

Question 24

design drainage systems and prevent water-related issues in
buildings

Answer 24

engineering

Question 25

An instrument to measure rainfall rate in a certain period of time. It catches and represents the precipitation falling on a respective surrounding area.

Answer 25

rain gauge

Question 26

This type of rain gauge is an ordinary rain gauge

Answer 26

non-recording

Question 27

This type of rain gauge gives automatic rainfall records without any bottle reading.

Answer 27

recording

Question 28

WEIGHING BUCKET TYPE TIPPING BUCKET TYPE FLOATING TYPE

Answer 28

recording rain gauge

Question 29

availability of continuous record of previous rainfall

Answer 29

continuity

Question 30

rainfall data of previous year should be consistent with the present environmental condition.

Answer 30

consistency

Question 31

If the normal precipitation at each of the selected stations is within 10% of that station with missing data.

Answer 31

arithmetic-mean method

Question 32

If the normal precipitation/rainfall at any of the selected stations is more than 10% of that station with missing records. Consists of weighing the precipitation at the various stations by the ratios of normal annual precipitations.

Answer 32

normal ratio method

Question 33

calculated by taking an average of the values that are obtained from several observation points or stations within the region.

Answer 33

arithmetical-mean method

Question 34

method assigns weightage to stations based on proximity, superior to the arithmetic-mean method. It’s effective for outside catchment stations and easy to calculate for fixed networks.

Answer 34

thiessen-mean method

Question 35

entails drawing isohyets derived from precipitation data of different stations and then taking an average precipitation by integrating over the areas which correspond to these lines

Answer 35

isohyetal method

Question 36

A test for consistency of record or for rain gauge inconsistency.

Answer 36

double-mass analysis

Question 37

The process by which water in the ground surface enters the soil Depending on how saturated the ground is, the water can continue downwards to replenish water tables and aquifers

Answer 37

infiltration

Question 38

Infiltration is dependent on the condition of the land surface (cracked, crusted, compacted etc.)

Answer 38

surface entry

Question 39

Infiltration rates are greatly influenced by factors like temperature, wind, freezing/thawing cycles, soil moisture condition, seasonal fluctuations, and the intensity and duration of rainfall.

Answer 39

climate and weather condition

Question 40

The amount and rate of water movement through the soil are determined by the size and arrangement of soil particles.

Answer 40

soil texture and structure

Question 41

Sand: Silt: Clay:

Answer 41

high infiltration rate moderate infiltration rate low infiltration rate

Question 42

Saturated soils exhibit higher water content, preventing infiltration and can even increase surface runoff and erosion

Answer 42

soil saturation

Question 43

Steeper slopes generally experience faster runoff and reduced infiltration rates, as water moves downslope quickly. On the other hand, soft slopes allow greater infiltration rates because they make it easier for water to disperse and seep into the soil.

Answer 43

slope of the land

Question 44

- Roads and concrete pavements produce an impermeable layer that prevents infiltration. - Decreasing vegetation due to farming, tree-cutting, and animal grazing will lower permeability.

Answer 44

human activities

Question 45

Increased evapotranspiration rates have the potential to lower soil moisture content, which can accelerate infiltration rates because drier soils initially take up water more easily. Lower evapotranspiration rates can cause a lower infiltration rate because of decreased pore space availability and possible surface sealing.

Answer 45

evapotranspiration

Question 46

Measure infiltration over a large area Provides understanding of infiltration variability of the area Used in agricultural assessments and hydrological studies

Answer 46

areal measurement

Question 47

Measure infiltration of a specific point in the soil Easy to perform Used in site-specific studies

Answer 47

Point Measurement

Question 48

- the speed at which water enters the soil

Answer 48

infiltration rate

Question 49

- device used to measure the water infiltration into the soil

Answer 49

infiltrometer

Question 50

uses a single ring driven in the ground where water is poured at a certain depth. The decrease in water over time reflects the infiltration rate

Answer 50

single ring infiltrometer

Question 51

uses two concentric rings into the ground. The inner ring is driven into the ground and an outer ring follows to help the flow of water

Answer 51

double ring infiltrometer

Question 52

capacity decreases with time and ultimately reaches a constant rate

Answer 52

horton's equation

Question 53

an alternative approach to developing a more approximate physical theory that has an exact analytical solution.

Answer 53

green-ampt model

Question 54

1. The soil under consideration is homogenous and stable, implying that macropores and preferential migration pathways should not be considered. 2.The supply of ponded water at the surface is not limited. 3. A distinct and precisely definable wetting front exists, and as water continues to infiltrates, the wetting front advances at the same rate with depth 4. The capillary suction just below the wetting front is uniform throughout the profile and constant in time during the infiltration event. 5. The soil is uniformly saturated above the wetting front, and the volumetric water contents remain constant above and below the advancing wetting front

Answer 54

five principal assumptions of G-A Method

Question 55

Case 1: i f The rainfall intensity is greater than the infiltration rate and runoff can occur

Answer 55

3 cases of g-a model

Question 56

is the amount of time that has passed from the start of rainfall to the occurrence of ponds in the observed area. _____ is usually utilized to determine the intensity of rainfall.

Answer 56

ponding time

Question 57

principles behind the flow in open channels

Answer 57

leonardo da vinci

Question 58

rainfall is the only source of water for rivers and springs in 15th century

Answer 58

bernard palissy

Question 59

water came from precipitation

Answer 59

aristotle

Question 60

who came up with water cycle

Answer 60

leonardo da vinci and bernard palissy

Question 61

pioneers of modern hydrology

Answer 61

a. pierre perrault b. marriot c. hally

Question 62

water balance equation and catchment area method

Answer 62

pierre perrault

Question 63

first to measure evaporation in mediterranian

Answer 63

marriot

Question 64

the study of origin, circulation, and distribution of water

Answer 64

scientific hydrology or simply hydrology

Question 65

engineering application

Answer 65

applied or engineering hydrology

Question 66

occurrence and distribution of water in surface

Answer 66

surface water hydrology

Question 67

occurrence and distribution of water beneath the surface

Answer 67

groundwater hydrology

Question 68

essential tool for planning of hydraulic structures such as dams

Answer 68

hydrology