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BIO 109 > Chap 4-5 > Flashcards

Chap 4-5 Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of tissue

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

Epithelial: characteristics

A

polarity - free surface (no cells attach to it) and basement membrane (protein fibers acts as glue to hold cells in place)
avascular (no blood vessels in it)
thick

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3
Q

Epithelial: characteristic - regenerative capacity

A

have high - reproduce a lot

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4
Q

Epithelial: characteristic - intercellular connections

A

cell adhesion molecules - intercellular cement

junction - tight (cell membrane infused on each other) and desmosomes (protein fibers connect cells)

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5
Q

Epithelial: characteristic - special structures

A

only epithelial tissue have:

  • cilia (hair-like features that helps to move mucous)
  • microvilli (invagination)
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6
Q

Epithelial: characteristic - classification

A

based on thickness and shape:

thickness - simple (1 cell thick)
stratified (more than 1 cell thick)
pseudo stratified (only 1 cell but looks like many)

shape - squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (elongated)

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7
Q

Epithelial: functions

A

physical protection - forms inner lining; covers surface and lines hollow organs and body cavity

permeability control - control what moves in and out of body by absorption and filtration

sensory input - feel on skin

secretory - glandular epithelium (glands)

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8
Q

Epithelial: major groups of epithelial

A

covering epithelium

glandular epithelium

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9
Q

Covering epithelium - simple squamous

A

simple squamous - single layer of flat cell; whenever O needs to be transported

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10
Q

Covering epithelium - stratified squamous

A

stratified squamous - keratinized (outer skin) and non keratinized (in mouth)

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11
Q

Covering epithelium - simple cuboidal

A

simple cuboidal - cell is squarish; forms tube

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12
Q

Covering epithelium - simple columnar

A

simple columnar - cell is elongated; offers more protection; found in digestive system when food nutrients needs to be absorbed

ciliated and non-ciliated

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13
Q

Covering epithelium - transitional

A

found in urinary bladder; cell can look cuboidal/squamous depending on the fullness of the bladder.
when bladder is empty (cuboidal), when bladder is full (squamous)

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14
Q

Covering epithelium - pseudo-stratified columnar

A

looks like layers of many tissues but its only 1; the cells twists around each other and thus nucleus more to different levels and give it an appearance of many cells
found in respiratory system

ciliated

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15
Q

Glandular epithelium- endocrine/exocrine

A

endocrine - no gland

exocrine - have ducts

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16
Q

Exocrine duct - gland structure (duct pattern)

A 
unicellular:
goblet cells (wine-glass looking cells)

multicellular:
single duct - single (sweat glands, sweat)
multiple ducts - compound (salivary glands; saliva) (mammary glands; breast milk)

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17
Q

Exocrine duct - shape of secretory portion

A

tubular - sweat glands
alveolar / acinar - mammary glands and sebaceous
tubuloalveolar - salivary glands

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18
Q

Exocrine duct - how they are secreted

A

memocrine - secrete material right away (e.g.: sweat, salivary glands)

apocrine - stores materials (not long term) (e.g.: mammary glands, breast milk)

holocrine - cell fills up with secretion materials, dies, then release material (sebaceous glands, oil)

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19
Q

Membranous epithelium

A

mucous - whenever exposed to outside environment

serous - line internal body cavity (visceral layer, parietal layer)

synovial - in joints

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20
Q

Connective tissue: composition - cellular portion

A

fixed (fixed in position; don’t move around) - fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes

wandering (move through the tissue) - macrophages, mast cells

mesenchyma (primitive tissue - what form the tissue originally) - stem cells

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21
Q

Connective tissue: composition - extracellular matrix

A

protein fibers:

  • collagen (tough strong fiber)
  • elastin (elastic)
  • reticulin (delicate - can be counter productive)

ground substance (salt water primarily)

  • hyaluronic acid (like a cement)
  • chondroitin sulfate (jelly-like - form structures like ear)
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22
Q

Connective tissue: functions

A

binds organs together
protects and supports the body
stores energy reserves

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23
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

hold the body together

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24
Q

Connective tissue proper - loose connective tissue

A

fibroblast (builds the tissue)

areolar - all fibers
reticular - reticular fibers (the most common tissue in the body)

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25
Connective tissue proper - adipose
store materials similar like the lung tissue inside is lipid
26
Connective tissue proper - dense connective tissue (tissues densely packed)
all fibers going to the same direction dense regular dense irregular elastic - strechable
27
Supporting connective tissue
support the body
28
Supporting connective tissue - cartilage
strong - vascular (no blood; limited in thickness)
29
Supporting connective tissue - hyaline cartilage
chondroblast - produce cartilage | chondrocytes - maintain cartilage
30
Supporting connective tissue - fibrocartilage
have much collagen (much stronger)
31
Supporting connective tissue - elastic cartilage
ear
32
Supporting connective tissue - bone
connecting tissue and organ
33
Supporting connective tissue - bone (cells)
osteocytes (has tree-ring appearance) osteoblasts (build the bones) osteoclasts (destroys the bones)
34
Supporting connective tissue - bone (store calcium)
hydroxyapatite: - calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate - give strength to bone - stored materials
35
Supporting connective tissue - bone (2 types)
compact (dense) | cancellous (spongy)
36
Fluid connective tissue
blood and lymph
37
Muscle tissue - functional unit
have lots of cell composed of actin and myosin (ability to contract) forms striations in myofibers
38
Muscle tissue - skeletal muscle
``` myofibers voluntary (raising hand, breathing) has striation (long tooth-shaped with multiple nuclei) multinucleate tubular cells in skeleton ```
39
Muscle tissue - cardiac muscle
cardiocytes involuntary has striation (only 1 nucleus with gap junction - 2 holes between 2 cells, interlocking membrane proteins) in hear (branching cells with gap junction)
40
Muscle tissue - visceral (smooth) muscle
involuntary no striation (smooth); cells line up retinas ability to divide internal organs
41
Nervous tissue
initiates and transmits action potential (nerve impulse) to coordinate body activities
42
Nervous tissue - cell types in neuron tissue
neurons - main cell; has extensions of cytoplasm (axon and dendrites) neuroglial cells - support and nourish neurons; forms myelin
43
Nervous system - division based on anatomy
central nervous system (CNS) | peripheral nervous system (PNS)
44
Nervous system - cns
brain | spinal cord
45
Nervous system - pns
craninal and spinal nerves ganglia special senses organ (only with hand)
46
Nervous system - division based on physiology
efferent (motor) | afferent (sensory)
47
Efferent
control the body somatic - voluntary visceral - involuntary (autonomic)
48
Efferent - autonomic nervous system (visceral)
sympathetic - running | parasympathetic - rest, digest
49
Afferent
general senses | special senses
50
Central Nervous System (CNS) - 4 cells
astrocytes - support and nourish; maintain blood brain barrier; recycle neurotransmitter oligodendrocytes - form myelin (insulation of cell) microglial cells - phagocytic (clean up damage in brain; usually cause more damage) ependymal cells - cerebrospinal fluid (float the brain inside the skull)
51
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - 2 cells
satellite cells - support and nourish soma in ganglion | schwann cells - form myelin and repair after injury
52
Neurons - characteristics
in G0 - incapable of cell division | high metabolic activity
53
Neurons - parts of neuron
soma (cell body or perikaryon): cytoskeleton - neurofilaments and neurotubules nissl substance - RER produces neurotransmitter (gray appearance) In CNS - gray matter (superficial in brain / deep in spinal cord) In nuclei - deep in the brain In PNS - ganglion
54
Neurons - parts of neuron
axon and dendrite: white matter - deep in brain/superficial in spinal cord tracts - superficial in the brain nerves - PNS
55
Neuronal processes
axon sends impulse, goes through hillock, form collaterals, goes to telodendria and synaptic knobs, form myelin (cell insulation - white appearance) CNS location: white matter - deep in brain and superficial in spinal cord tracts - superficial in brain and spinal cord PNS location: nerves dendrites - receive impulse
56
Classification of neurons: structure
unipolar - signal don't go through soma bipolar - signal go through soma multipolar - signal go through soma from multiple direction
57
Classification of neurons: functions
afferent - sensory (PNS - CNS) efferent - motor (CNS - PNS) interneuron - association neurons
58
Types of channels
passive (leakage) channel - open and close independent of stimuli active channels - chemically regulated, mechanically gates, voltage regulated/gated
59
Types of active channels
chemically regulated - neurotransmitter; chemoreceptors (control by chemicals) mechanically gated - force (vibration, pressure, stretch); mechanoreceptors (control by vibration, pressure, and stretch); voltage regulated/gated - change in electrical potential; voltage receptors (control by ions)
60
Resting membrane potential
passive and active channels - Na and K (electrochemical gradient and chemical gradient) Na/K pump polarizes the membrane by pumping 3 Na out for every 2 K in - maintain an electrochemical gradient (difference in chemical electricity) inside channel is more stable, it is -70 mv than outside
61
Action potential
``` form where the stimulus is; opening of the channels by stimulation stimulation needs to reach (-55), Na channels open at (-55) inside Na depolarizes and becomes (+30) Na channels close and become inactive because cells can't come in [absolute refractory period] K at (+30), K channels opens and starts leaving the cell at (-70) because of diffusion [repolarization] hyperpolarization - fall below -70, go below the resting state ```
62
Refractory period
absolute - Na channel inactive and can't open | relative - Na channel active and can be opened (strong enough threshold)
63
More action potential
hurts more; the strength of AP is always from -70 to +30 if stimulus is stronger, can perform more AP
64
Continuous conduction - unmyelinated
lateral movement of ions forms local current | propagation of action potential
65
Propagation of action potential
reproduce the action potential | form nerve impulse - travel down to neurons
66
Continuous propagation
move step by step (slow) | type C fibers (axon) - small (thin) diameter and no myelin
67
Saltatory propagation
only occurs in umyelinated neurons jump/skipping over the myelin (nodes of rangier) more energy efficient because of myelin, no Na and K pump type B fibers: thin; have myelin type A fibers: thick (allows the ion to move easier = faster); have myelin
68
All or none law
have to have -55 or No action potential threshold - action potential - impulse all action potentials are identical
69
Synapses
where neurons meets another neuron
70
Synapses
presynaptic cell - produce neurotransmitter | postsynaptic cell
71
Neurotransmitter releaser
action potential reaches synaptic knob, opening Ca channels Ca diffuses into synaptic knob causing exocytosis of neurotransmitter neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft to bind postsynaptic membrane receptors (most sensitive)
72
Synapses: types of neurons
axondendritic - axon meet dendrite neuromuscular - neuron to muscle neuroglandular
73
Synapses: how they work - cholinergic
cholinergic synanpses: acetylcholine travels to synapse and opens channels - Na channel (depolarization), K channel (hyper polarization) acetylcholine sterase catabolizes Ach - destroys Ach; Ach enzyme (AchE) synaptic fatigue - inactive until more Ach produced; used up all Ach until it is being reproduced by Nissl substance in RER
74
Synapses: how they work - andregenic
activate adenyl cyclase - converts ATP to cyclic AMP(second messenger); cAMP activates enzymes; Na channel (depolarization) phosphodiestrerase inactivate cAMP neurotransmitters catabolizes by enzymes
75
Postsynaptic potentials
excitatory [depolarize] inhibitory [hyperpolarize] end result: temporal, spatial
76
Summation
dendrite and soma resist depolarization - graded potential | effects summarized to axon hillock
77
Excitatory postsynaptic potental
temporal summation - impulses in rapid succession (one at a time) spacial summation - many synaptic knobs releasing neurotransmitters at the same time (release at different spaces all at same time at the same neuron)
78
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
K channels open, K out [hyperpolarize] | may cause Cl to enter through Cl channels
79
Protective coverings (inside out)
pia mater subarachnoid (gap between pia mater and arachnoid) arachnoid (looks like spider web) subdural space (safe between arachnoid and dura mater) dura mater (white dense connective tissue) epidural space bone
80
Regions of spinal cord: external anatomy
``` cervical - cervical enlargement thoracic lumbar - lumbar enlargement sacral - cauda equina coccygeal - filum terminale (meninges that surrounds the spinal cord) ```
81
Regions of spinal cord: internal anatomy
anterior medica fissures | posterior median sulcus
82
Regions of spinal cord: gray matter - internal
gray horns - form nerve roots anterior (ventral) - motor posterior (dorsal) - sensory lateral - thoracic, upper lumbar (sympathetic), sacral regions (parasympathetic) gray commisure - cross bar around central canal; connection between 2 sides when they need to communicate with each other
83
Regions of spinal cord: white matter - external
``` white columns - funiculi anterior (ventral) posterior (dorsal) column lateral column white commisure - anterior and posterior ```
84
Regions of spinal cord: Spinal tracts - ascending
ascending (sensory) - go up to the brain spinothalamic tract (from spinal cord to commisure) - pain, temperature, crude touch, deep pressure (vibration) posterior column tracts - pressure, proprioception (awareness of body position), vibration, discriminative touch (association with special touch)
85
Regions of spinal cord: Spinal tracts - descending
descending (motor) pryramidal tracts - precise skeletal movements (eg. writing, driving a car) extrapyramidal tracts - autonomy nervous system (involuntary - ANS) movements, muscle tone, coordination with visual
86
Structure of spinal cord: spinal nerves
spinal nerves - dorsal and ventral roots join than split to form rami dorsal ramus - nerves going to the muscles and skin of the posterior trunk ventral ramus - nerves going to the muscles, skin, and bone of extremities and anterior trunk rami communications - ANS branches
87
Structure of spinal cord: nerves
nerves - surround by connective tissue endonerium - the innermost layer surrounding the neurons (axon) perinerium - layer surrounds the bundle of neurons (go to the same muscle) epinerium - layer surrounds the entire structure (whole bunch of bundles of nerves)
88
Structure of spinal cord: plexus
plexus - network of nerves from ventral rami cervical plexus - neck (C1-C4) branchial plexus - arm (C5-C8, T1) lumbosacral plexus - lumbo (upper leg), sacral (lower leg) (T12, L1-L5, S1-S2)

BIO 109 (2 decks)

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