Chap 4: Cellular Respiration

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

a process by which large complex organic molecules of food are disintegrated into small absorbable forms

Question 2

Enzymes break the (in polysaccharides)

Answer 2

a (1-4) glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides

Question 3

Humans lack the enzymes that break

Answer 3

B (1-4) and a (1-6) glycosidic bonds present in cellulose/branched amylopectin and glycogen

Question 4

GLUT (Glucose Transporters) (carriers)

Answer 4

responsible for the absorption of most of the products of digestion

Question 5

Na+ independent GLUT

Answer 5

GLUT (1-4)

Question 6

GLUT - 1

Answer 6

Erythrocytes and blood-brain barrier

Question 7

GLUT - 2

Answer 7

liver, kidney and B-cells of pancreas

Question 8

GLUT - 3

Answer 8

Neurons

Question 9

GLUT - 4

Answer 9

Adipose tissue

Question 10

GLUT -1, GLUT -3, GLUT - 4 involved

Answer 10

uptake of glucose from blood

Question 11

GLUT - 2 transport

Answer 11

glucose into or out of cells

Question 12

GLUT 5 uptake

Answer 12

of fructose in small intestines and testes

Question 13

Cellular respiration

Answer 13

ATP molecules into ADP molecules thus cells must continually convert ADP molecules back into ATP molecules

Question 14

Cytosol

Answer 14

the fluid (and suspended molecules of salts, sugars, amino acids, enzymes, etc) around the organelles

Question 15

Cytoplasm

Answer 15

the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within it (i.e. everything EXCEPT the nucleus)
(Cytosol + Organelles)

Question 16

Cell =

Answer 16

Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm + Nucleus

Question 17

Advantages of Aerobic Respiration

Answer 17

• Major advan. —> more energy released
• Enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP

Question 18

Advantages of Anaerobic Respiration

Answer 18

• Lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen
• Quickly produces ATP

Question 19

What stage of cellular respiration evolved before the others

Answer 19

Glycolysis

Question 20

No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when

Answer 20

3.5 to 4 billion years ago

Question 21

Without oxygen

Answer 21

anaerobic respiration

Question 22

2 or 3 b. y. a. oxygen was gradually added to the atmosphere by

Answer 22

Early photosynthetic bacteria;
“oxygen catastrophe” —> aerobic organisms

Question 23

Breathing Respiration

Answer 23

physical process that allows animals/humans to come into contact with gases in the air

Question 24

Cellular Respiration

Answer 24

chemical process that releases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules

Question 25

Relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

Answer 25

C.R. : 6O2 + C6H12O6 \/ /\ Photos. : 6CO2 + 6H2O

Question 26

Photosynthesis (difference (2))

Answer 26

- Takes place in a chloroplast - Light energy from the sun changes to chemical energy in glucose

Question 27

Cellular respiration (difference (2))

Answer 27

- Takes place in mitochondria - Chemical energy in glucose changes to chemical energy in ATP

Question 28

1st pathway --> _______(releases only small amount of energy)

Answer 28

glycolysis (2 net ATP)

Question 29

(Glycolysis) If oxygen is present

Answer 29

It will lead to 2 other pathways that release a lot of energy Kerbs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain

Question 30

(Glycolysis) If oxygen is absent

Answer 30

2 other pathways Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation

Question 31

All three combined make up cellular respiration

Answer 31

Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport Chain

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

Adenosine Triphosphate (Main energy currency of cells)

Question 32

ATP

Answer 32

Adenosine Triphosphate (Main energy currency of cells)

Question 33

ADP AMP

Answer 33

Adenosine Diphosphate Adenosine Monophosphate

Question 34

ATP + H2O <-->

Answer 34

ADP + Pi + Energy

Question 35

NAD+

Answer 35

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (Abundant cofactor that participates in multiple aspects of cellular metabolism)

Question 36

NAD+ vs NADP

Answer 36

NAD+ : Involved in cellular respiration/ anabolic NADP : Involved in photosynthesis/ catabolic

Question 37

FAD+

Answer 37

- Flavin adenine dinucleotide - Riboflavin - Donate electrons to electron transport chain

Question 38

GTP

Answer 38

- Guanosine triphosphate - Used to carry energy - Signaling molecules

Question 39

Glycolysis Process

Answer 39

10 reactions Converts glucose to pyruvate

Question 40

Glycolysis - Produce : Consumes : Net Yield :

Answer 40

Produces: 4 ATP and 2 NADH Consumes: 2 ATP Net Yield: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

Question 41

Glycolysis (alone) does not require

Answer 41

Oxygen

Question 42

Glycolysis (stages)

Answer 42

*Glucose (+ATP) Glucose-6-phosphate (6 Carbon) *2( Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (3 Carbon)) *Pyruvate

Question 43

To much ATP from glycolysis can cause (problems)

Answer 43

1) the cell's available NAD+ molecules become filled up with electrons 2) glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed without available NAD+ molecules 3) ATP production stops

Question 44

** -ose ***-ase

Answer 44

**(sugar) ***(enzymes)

Question 45

End of glycolysis --->

Answer 45

90% of chemical energy from glucose still unused (locked in pyruvic acid)

Question 46

Krebs and Electron Transport require

Answer 46

Oxygen Aerobic Processes

Question 47

2nd Stage of Cellular Respiration British biochemist 1937 1st compound formed is Citric Acid

Answer 47

The Kerbs Cycle

Question 48

2 Turns & 2 Pyruvic Acid (from glycolysis) yield

Answer 48

10 NADH (2 from glycolysis) (2 from glycolysis) 2 FADH2 4 ATP (2 from glycolysis) Then cycle starts anew

Question 49

**isomerization

Answer 49

Changes form/structure

Question 50

When carbon comes out forms CO2

Answer 50

NAD+ comes and forms NADH

Question 51

*NADH Dehydrogenase

Answer 51

removing hydrogen enzyme

Question 52

Electron Transport Chain is embedded

Answer 52

In mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 53

Electron Transport Chain (FADH & NADH)

Answer 53

Energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane space

Question 54

ATP synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme that uses

Answer 54

the energy of the proton gradient to synthesis ATP from ADP + Pi

Question 55

Acetyl-CoA added to

Answer 55

4 carbon compound = Citric Acid (6-C)

Question 56

NADH + H+ and FADH2 (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle)

Answer 56

deliver hydrogen atoms

Question 57

Released energy harnessed

Answer 57

ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

Question 58

1 NADH --> 1 FADH2 -->

Answer 58

3 ATP 2 ATP