Chap 4. Society

Question 1

What is society?

Answer 1

Is a group of people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture.

Question 2

4 important sociologists:

Answer 2

1- Gerhard Lenski
2- Karl Marx
3- Max Weber
4- Emile Durkheim

Question 3

He describes how
societies have changed over the past 10,000 years. Points to
the importance of technology in shaping any society.

Answer 3

Gerhard Lenski

Question 4

He talks all about social conflict that arises as people work within an economic system to pro
duce material goods.

Answer 4

Karl Marx

Question 5

He shows that the power of ideas shapes society.

Answer 5

Max Weber

Question 6

He helps us see the different ways that traditional and modern societies hang together.

Answer 6

Emile Durkheim

Question 7

Lenski uses the term?

Answer 7

Sociocultural evolution

Question 8

What is sociocultural evolution?

Answer 8

Means changes
that occur as a society gains new technology.

Question 9

What are the Five types of Societies?

Answer 9

1- Hunting and Gathering
2- Horticultural and Pastoral Societies
3- Agrarian Societies
4- Industrial Societies
5- Post-industrial Societies

Question 10

The use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food.

Answer 10

Hunting and Gathering

Question 11

The use of hand tools to
raise crops.

Answer 11

Horticulture

Question 12

The domestication of animals.

Answer 12

Pastoralism

Question 13

Large-scale cultivation
using plows harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources.

Answer 13

Agriculture

Question 14

The production of
goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery.

Answer 14

Industrialism

Question 15

The production of information using computer technology.

Answer 15

Post-industrial

Question 16

Gerhard Lenski states that society is defined by what?

Answer 16

Levels of technology

Question 17

Karl Marx states that society is defined by what?

Answer 17

Social conflict

Question 18

Max Weber states that society is defined by what?

Answer 18

Ideas/mode of thinking

Question 19

Emile Durkheim states that society is defined by what?

Answer 19

Solidarity

Question 20

The stuggle between segments of society over valued resources.

Answer 20

Social conflict

Question 21

Social conflicts divides into:

Answer 21

-Capitalists
-Proletarians

Question 22

People who own and operate factories and other businesses in pursuit of profits.

Answer 22

Capitalists

Question 23

People who sell their labor for wages.

Answer 23

Proletarians

Question 24

Conflict between
entire classes over the distribution of a society’s wealth and power.

Answer 24

Class conflict

Question 25

Marx’s term for workers’ recognition of themselves as a class unified in opposition to capitalists and ultimately to capitalism itself.

Answer 25

Class consciousness

Question 26

Values and beliefs passed from generation to generation.

Answer 26

Tradition

Question 27

A way of thinking that emphasizes deliberate, matter-of-fact calculation of the most efficient way to accomplish a particular task.

Answer 27

Rationality

Question 28

What is rationalization of society?

Answer 28

The historical change from tradition to rationality as the main type of human thought.

Question 29

Who considered industrial capitalism highly rational because capitalists try to make money in any way they can?

Answer 29

Max Weber

Question 30

Who considered that capitalism irrational because it fails to meet the basic needs of most of the people?

Answer 30

Karl Marx

Question 31

Are nomadic, have a few dozen members, consider men and women roughly equal because each have an important role.

Answer 31

Hunting and Gathering

Question 32

Are able to produce more food, so populations expand to hundreds, show greater specialization of work, and have increasing levels of social inequality.

Answer 32

Horticultural and pastoral societies

Question 33

May expand into vast empires, extreme social inequality, in which reduce the importance of women.

Answer 33

Agrarian societies

Question 34

Moves work from home to factory, reduces the traditional importance of the family and raises living standars.

Answer 34

Industrial societies,

Question 35

Shifts production from heavy machinery to computers, and requires a population with information-based skills.

Answer 35

Postindustrial

Question 36

Materialist approach is tell by who?

Answer 36

Karl Marx

Question 37

What is materialist approach?

Answer 37

Means that societies are defined by their economic systems.

Question 38

What was the conflict between social classes in “ancient” societies?

Answer 38

Masters dominates slaves

Question 39

What was the conflict between social classes in agrarian societies?

Answer 39

Nobles dominated serfs

Question 40

What was the conflict between social classes in industrial-capitalist societies?

Answer 40

Capitalists dominate proletarians

Question 41

Who focused on the role of capitalism?

Answer 41

Karl Marx

Question 42

The experience of isolation and misery resulting from powerlessness

Answer 42

Alienation

Question 43

Who predicted that a workers’ revolution would eventually overthrow capitalism and replace it with socialism?

Answer 43

Marx

Question 44

Workers feel disconnected from their work and powerless under what?

Answer 44

Capitalism

Question 45

Thmajor spheres of social life,or societal subsystems, organized to meet human needs

Answer 45

Social institutions

Question 46

Marx’s term for explanations of social problems as the short comings of individuals rather than as the flaws of society.

Answer 46

False consciousness

Question 47

The idealist approach was state by who?

Answer 47

Max Weber

Question 48

What is idealist approach?

Answer 48

The power of ideas to shape society

Question 49

Weber traced what ideas?

Answer 49

Beliefs and values

Question 50

Members of preindustrial societies are bound by?

Answer 50

Tradition

Question 51

Members of industrial-capitalist societies are guided by?

Answer 51

Rationality

Question 52

An abstract statement of the essential characteristics of any social phenomenon.

Answer 52

ideal type

Question 53

Calvinism emphasizes the idea of?

Answer 53

Predestination

Question 54

The belief that God has already decided who will be saved) and hard work as a way to glorify God.

Answer 54

Predestination

Question 55

Is a form of Protestantism based on the teachings of John Calvin

Answer 55

Calvanism

Question 56

Encouraged people to work hard, be disciplined, and live modestly. Wealth gained through honest work was seen as a sign of God's favor, it isn't supposed to be used for luxury but with used responsibility.

Answer 56

Calvinism

Question 57

Hard work, discipline, frugality, and reinvestment align closely with the?

Answer 57

Industrial capitalism

Question 58

Increasing rationality gave rise to what?

Answer 58

The Industrial Revolution and Capitalism.

Question 59

Who feared that excessive rationality, while promoting efficiency, would stifle human creativity?

Answer 59

Weber

Question 60

He claimed that society has an objective existence apart from its individual members.

Answer 60

Emile Durkheim

Question 61

He pointed out that social elements (such as crime) have functions that help society operate.

Answer 61

Emily Durkheim

Question 62

False or True. Society also shapes our personalities and provides the moral discipline that guides our behavior and controls our desires.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals.

Answer 63

anomie

Question 64

Social bonds,based on common sentiments and shared moral values,that are strong among members of preindustrial societies

Answer 64

mechanical solidarity

Question 65

Specialized economic activity

Answer 65

Division of Labor

Question 66

In what society does strong bonds from shared values and tasks (mechanical solidarity), have guided the lives of their members?

Answer 66

Preindustrial societies

Question 67

In what society, bonds come from needing each other to survive by their specialized work (organic solidarity)?

Answer 67

Industrial societies

Question 68

True or False. Industrial societies and division labor weak traditional bonds.

Answer 68

True

Question 69

In what society, without shared values, people might feel disconnected (anomie)?

Answer 69

Modern Societies