Chap 7. Groups and Organizations

Question 1

What is a social group?

Answer 1

Are two or more people who identify with and interact with one another

Question 2

Examples of social groups?

Answer 2

Couples, families, circles of friends, churches, clubs, businesses, neighborhoods, and large organizations

Question 3

Not every collection of individuals forms a group, but it forms a?

Answer 3

Category

Question 4

People sharing a common status, but lacking interaction.

Answer 4

Categories

Question 5

Temporary gatherings that can turn into groups under certain conditions (emergencies).

Answer 5

Crowds

Question 6

Social groups divide into two groups.

Answer 6

-Primary group
-Secondary group

Question 7

Family and close friends is an example of what group?

Answer 7

Primary group

Question 8

College class or a corporation is an example of what group?

Answer 8

Secondary group

Question 9

Is a small, personal, and lasting whose members share personal and lasting relationships.

Answer 9

Primary group

Question 10

What is every society’s most important primary group?

Answer 10

Family

Question 11

Is a large and impersonal, and goal-oriented social group, often of shorter duration.

Answer 11

Secondary group

Question 12

One important element of group dynamics is?

Answer 12

Leadership

Question 13

Two leadership roles are?

Answer 13

-Instrumental Leadership
-Expressive Leadership

Question 14

Group leadership that focuses on the completion of tasks.

Answer 14

Instrumental Leadership

Question 15

Group leadership that focuses on the group’s well-being. Builds personal and primary ties with members.

Answer 15

Expressive Leadership

Question 16

What are Three Leadership Styles?

Answer 16

-Authorithian Leadership
-Democratic Leadership
-Laissez-faire Leadership

Question 17

Allows the group to function more or less on its own.

Answer 17

Laissez-faire Leadership

Question 18

Is more expressive and makes a point of including everyone in the decision-making process

Answer 18

Democratic Leadership

Question 19

Is a “take charge” style that demands obedience

Answer 19

Authoritarian leadership

Question 20

A social group toward which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.

Answer 20

Out-Group

Question 21

A social group toward which a member feels respect and loyalty.

Answer 21

In-Group

Question 22

Who uses reference
groups to form attitudes and make evaluations?

Answer 22

Individuals

Question 23

This theory tell us that group discussion improves decision making.

Answer 23

Janis’s Groupthink Theory

Question 24

A study of how punishment affects learning. Focused on obedience to authority, administering electrical shocks.

Answer 24

Stanley Milgram’s Research

Question 25

U.S. policy errors, such as the failure to foresee Japan’s attack on Pearl Harbor and the Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba are examples of what research?

Answer 25

Janis’s Groupthink Research

Question 26

A study of visual perception. of how people conform to group pressure even when they know the group is wrong.

Answer 26

Asch’s Research

Question 27

What shows this research The Asch, Milgram, and Janis?

Answer 27

That group members often seek agreement and may pressure one another toward conformity.

Question 28

A social group that serves as a point of reference in making evaluations and decisions.

Answer 28

Reference Groups

Question 29

A web of weak social ties, with little common identity and limited interaction.

Answer 29

Networks

Question 30

The tendency of group members to conform, resulting in a narrow view of some issue

Answer 30

Groupthink

Question 31

He claimed that larger groups turn inward, socially diverse groups turn outward, and physically segregated groups turns inward.

Answer 31

Peter Blau

Question 32

He described the dyad as intense but unstable; the triad, he said, is more stable but can dissolve into a dyad by excluding one member.

Answer 32

Georg Simmel

Question 33

A social group with two members

Answer 33

dyad

Question 34

A social group with three members

Answer 34

triad

Question 35

A social group that increased stability but less personal interaction, often relying on formal structures.

Answer 35

Larger Groups

Question 36

What Are Formal Organizations?

Answer 36

Are large secondary groups organized to achieve their goals efficiently.

Question 37

All formal organizations operate in an?

Answer 37

Organizational enviromental

Question 38

These organizations reward people with pay for their efforts.

Answer 38

Utilitarian Organizations

Question 39

A corporation or company are examples of what organization?

Answer 39

Utilitarian Organization

Question 40

These organizations attract people who join voluntarily because have goals people consider worthwhile.

Answer 40

Normative Organization

Question 41

Religious groups or church voluntary committees are examples of what organization?

Answer 41

Normative Organizations

Question 42

These are organizations where membership is involuntary, are forced to join.

Answer 42

Coercive Organizations

Question 43

Prisions, mental hospitals or psychiatric institutions, and Military boot camps are examples of what organization?

Answer 43

Coercive Organizations

Question 44

Factors outside an organization that affect its operation.

Answer 44

Organizational Environment

Question 45

Organizational environment are influenced by?

Answer 45

-Technology -Political and economic trends -Current events -Population patterns -Other organizations

Question 46

Max Weber saw as the dominant type of organization in modern societies

Answer 46

Bureaucracy

Question 47

Is a system of organization designed to be efficient and organized.

Answer 47

Bureaucracy

Question 48

Organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently

Answer 48

Bureaucracy

Question 49

Bureaucracy is based on what?

Answer 49

-Specialization -Hierarchy of positions -Rules and Regulations -Technical Competence -Impersonality -Formal, written communications

Question 50

the rule of the many by the few

Answer 50

oligarchy

Question 51

tendency of bureaucratic organizations to perpetuate themselves

Answer 51

bureaucratic inertia

Question 52

Focus on rules and regulations to the point of undermining an organization’s goals

Answer 52

bureaucratic ritualism

Question 53

What are the problems of bureaucracy?

Answer 53

-Bureaucratic alienation -Bureaucratic inefficiency and ritualism -Bureaucratic inertia -Oligarchy

Question 54

In postindustrial economy, name the two very different types of work:

Answer 54

The highly skilled and creative work and the low-skilled service work.

Question 55

Examples of designers, consultants, programmers, and executives, is what type of work?

Answer 55

Highly skilled and creative work

Question 56

Examples include jobs in fast-food restaurants and telemarketing, is what type of work?

Answer 56

Low- skilled

Question 57

Type of work associated with the “McDonaldization” of society,

Answer 57

Low-skilled service work

Question 58

How have formal organizations evolved?

Answer 58

Early in 1900s, by

Question 59

Learning from Japanese work culture organization's. What year?

Answer 59

In 1980s

Question 60

Rosabeth Moss Kanter proposed the opening of organizations for all employees, especially women and other minorities.

Answer 60

In 1960s

Question 61

Frederick Taylor applied Scientific Management.

Answer 61

In early 1900s