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SN T4 > CHAP 5 Genetics > Flashcards

CHAP 5 Genetics Flashcards

(17 cards)

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1
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Nucleus

A
  • contains chromosomes
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2
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Chromosomes

A
  • Chromosomes are fine thread like structures which r consists nucleic acids and protein.
  • Long and spiral structures located in the nucleus.
  • Each chromosomes contains a long DNA molecule
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3
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

DNA

A
  • Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is made up of basic units ( nucleotides )
  • Each unit of nucleotide consists of 3 components : deoxyribose sugar , a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group
  • two twisted antiparallel polynucleotide chains forming a structure known as double helix
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4
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Gene

A
  • basic hereditary unit that determines an individual’s characteristics
  • Function of the gene is to control the inherited charateristics in an organism such as tounge-rolling ability in humans
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5
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Number of chromosomes in a human

A

46

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6
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Homologous chromosomes

A
  • Pairs of chromosomes that have similar shape and size
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7
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Autosomes

A
  • Chromosomes that carry genes that control traits such as eye color, the ability to roll the tongue, and hair type
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8
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Sex chromosomes

A
  • Chromosomes carry genes that determine gender, whether male or female.
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9
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Gene, Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) and chromosomes)

Female and Male Karyotype

A

Female : XX
Male : XY

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10
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Mitosis )

Mitosis and function

A
  • Mitosis takes place in somatic cells of human and animal bodies
  • Function : important for the growth of organism
    replaced damaged or dead cells when we r injured
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11
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Meiosis )

Meiosis

A
  • Meiosis takes place in the reproductive organ to produce gametes for sexual reproduction (important to produce gametes)
  • Meiosis in humans takes place in male’s testes and the female’s ovary
  • In plants , it takes place in the anther and ovary
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12
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Mitosis )

Mitosis phases

A
  1. Prophase
    - Chromosomes are thicken, shorten and later becomes visible
    - Each chromosomes has 2 chromatids joined at the centromere
    - Spindle fibres start to grow
    - Nuclear membrane and Nucleolus starts to disintegrate
  2. Metaphase
    - Chromosomes are arranged as an equatorial plane
    - Spindle fibers are attached to centromeres
  3. Anaphase
    - Centromeres are seperated into two, each sister chromatid seperates and moves the opposite poles of the cell
  4. Telophase
    - Chromatids reaches the opposite poles
  5. Cytoplasm divides
  6. Two daughters cells with the same num of chromosomes and genetic info as the parents r formed
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13
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Meiosis )

Meiosis phase I

A
  1. Prophase I
    * Chromosomes shorten, thicken and then become visible.
    * Homologous chromosomes pair together.
    * Crossing over occurs, that is the exchange of genetic information between the homologous chromosomes.

2 - Metaphase I
* Chromosomes are arranged in an equatorial plane.
The spindle fibres are attached to the centromere.

3 - Anaphase I
* Homologous chromosomes separate and move towards the opposite poles of the cell.

4 - Telophase I
* Cytoplasm divides.
* Last stage of meiosis I ends.

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14
Q

5.1 Cell division ( Meiosis )

Meiosis phase II

A

5 - Prophase II
* Spindle fibres begin to form.

6- Metaphase II
* Chromosomes are arranged in an equatorial plane.
* The spindle fibres are attached to the centromere.

7 - Anaphase II
* Centromere splits into two.
* The sister chromatids separate and move towards the opposite poles of the cell (polarisation).

8 - Telophase II
* Four non-identical daughter cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell (haploids) are formed.

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15
Q

5.5 Variations

Continuous variation

A
  • Differences between individuals within the same population r not distinct
  • Example : height, body weight, leaf length, foot width, skin colour

The graf bars has to stick tgt

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16
Q

5.5 Variations

Discontinuous variation

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Differences between individuals within the same population r distinct
  • Example : blood group type, fingerprint type, earlobe type, eye colour type.

seperate graf bars

17
Q

5.5 Variations

Importance of variation

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Enable organisms to adapt to their environment
  • Helps us to easily identify individuals within the same species

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