Chap-5 Memory

Question 1

define memory?

Answer 1

process of retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, image, events, ideas, and sills after the original information is no longer present.

Question 2

sensory memory?

Answer 2

a brief stage of memory that hold the info for a couple of seconds.

Question 3

Iconic memory?

Answer 3

brief sensory memory for visual stimuli

Question 4

Persistence of vision?

Answer 4

the continued perception of a stimuli for a fraction of a second after the original stimuli stimulus has been extinguished.

Question 5

types o LTM?

Answer 5

episodic: past experience.
Procedural: skills
Semantic: facts.

Question 6

encoding?

Answer 6

storing the info to LTM

Question 7

whole report method?

Answer 7

participants were asked to report the entire list, only 4.5 words were recalled out of 12 on average.

Question 8

partial report method?

Answer 8

3.3 out of 4 words were reported after the immediate tone was played. (participants could see all the 12 stimuli but can’t remember all).

Question 9

delayed partial report method?

Answer 9

1 sec of delay between the presentation of the stimuli and the tone played, reduced the performance to 1 word out of 4 only.

Question 10

digit span?

Answer 10

the number of digits a person can remember. (the average capacity of the STM is 5-9 items). but now it is 3-5

Question 11

change detection?

Answer 11

a period of darkness between the two stimuli and the participant had the detect the change.

Question 12

Miller’s magic number?

Answer 12

7-/+ 2 (capacity of STM.

Question 13

Chunking (Miller’s)?

Answer 13

combining small units into larger units of meaning
o chunk: elements strongly associated with one another but weakly associated with elements in other chunks

Question 14

schema?

Answer 14

mental representation that organizes information into categories of information and relationships between them

Question 15

Chase and Simon’s study of chess player’s STM (experts and novices)?

Answer 15

5 seconds to encode chess board with 24 pieces on it
o goal was to remember exact positions of the pieces (Schema).
Masters are better in the area of their expertise rather than having a better STM memory.

Question 16

name the 3 ways that STM can encode info?

Answer 16

phonological, visual, motoric/semantic

Question 17

• Wicken’s Study on Semantic Coding?

Answer 17

o participants asked to remember 3 words while counting backwards (15sec)

Question 18

Modal model of memory?

Answer 18

Ø Pros: takes into account 3 basic processes, acknowledges different types of memory
Cons: possible to access LTM without going through STM

Question 19

define the working memory?

Answer 19

memory system enabling a limited amount of
information to be stored in mind temporarily and to be manipulated
and used for executing cognitive functions

Question 19

working memory’s components as preposed by Baddeley and Hitch?

Answer 19

o central executive: responsible for high majority of the task on WM. Director of the what should we focus at the time.
o phonological loop: holds and rehearse the auditory info.
Ø Articulatory Loop and Acoustic store
o visuospatial sketchpad: keep the visual information in working memory

Question 20

components of phonological loop?

Answer 20

o Articulatory Loop/ articulatory rehearsal process = responsible for rehearsing information; active for Subvocalization, internal speech (self-monologue, self talk), conscious!
o Acoustic/Phonological Store = limited capacity storage tank; holds information for a few seconds

Question 21

Phonological Similarity Effect (aka Acoustic Confusions)?

Answer 21

people are more likely to make mistakes when remembering list of similar-sounding letters or words (presented visually). Ex: s, x. more presented visually but still cause confusion cause we sounds aloud the visual info as well that can cause the confusion.
o confusions likely arise during rehearsal

Question 22

word length effect?

Answer 22

people have worse memory for lists of “long” words versus “short” words because it takes longer to rehearse the longer words that decrease the time for rehearsal and shorter words give more space for phenological loop to rehearse the words and remember them.

Question 23

• Articulatory Suppression Effect?

Answer 23

people have worse memory for lists of words when we force them to repeat a meaningless or irrelevant word
o speaking (“blah, blah, blah…”) prevents rehearsal of information.
Eliminate the word length effect.

Question 24

what are the most usage of phonological loop?

Answer 24

* Gateway to LTM o to remember something, repeat it over and over (e.g. remembering names) * Self-instruction o walk yourself through something complicated o remind yourself to do something in the future (prospective memory; remembering future planning and task-list) * Language o talking, conversations; understanding the conversation o learning new, unfamiliar words when you first see them * Mathematics o keep numbers in mind

Question 25

Visuospatial Sketchpad?

Answer 25

Processes a limited amount of visual and/or spatial information for a short period of time. Everything we process becomes an image in our minds and are processed there.

Question 26

Shepard & Metzler’s “Mental Rotation” experiment?

Answer 26

the amount of time that takes to rotate the angles physically is corresponds with the same time that we rotate it in our brain

Question 27

evidence for specialized visuospatial system?

Answer 27

1. Visuospatial Interference

Question 28

Visuospatial Interference?

Answer 28

o vision equivalent of articulatory suppression o pointing is much harder than saying the words = separate systems for pointing (spatial) and saying (phonological) (using the two function of the same system is more difficult), while if only saying use functions of two separate system (phonological and visual sketchpad)

Question 29

Episodic Buffer by Baddeley?

Answer 29

limited-capacity, temporary storage that holds and combines information from the phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and LTM

Question 30

Central Executive?

Answer 30

control center that helps allocate and coordinate attentional resources * much like business executives, who decide for everything.

Question 31

perseveration?

Answer 31

repeatedly following same rule or behavior, even when it no longer produces the desired outcome, not being able to change the behavior although the circumstances has changed. They understand and repeat the instruction but can't help and follow the instruction. Can't change the behavior. Similar to OCD.

Question 32

activity silent working memory?

Answer 32

short-term changes in neural network connectivity that has been hypothesized as a mechanism for holding information in working memory.

Question 33

reading span test?

Answer 33

determine individual differences in working memory, it is the number of 13-16 word sentences that a person can read and then correctly remember the last words of all of the sentences.

Question 34

event related potential?

Answer 34

recorded with small disc electrodes placed on a person's scalp and pick up the signals from groups of neurons that fire together as the person was making judgment.

Question 35

digit span test?

Answer 35

the ability to immediate recall of increasing number of digit forward and backward; how much info a person can hold.

Question 36

N-back test?

Answer 36

N (place holder for people to report n letter back). Updating the info to respond in the working memory. Has some temporal component.

Question 37

Visuospatial Working Memory Tasks process?

Answer 37

encoding face- maintaining info from a scene and then use working memory/ retrieval and match it with the next scene to remember the similarity between the two.

Question 38

phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad locations?

Answer 38

verbal / phonological loop * left Broca’s area (speech comprehension.) * premotor area visuospatial sketchpad * superior frontal sulcus * intraparietal sulcus * occipital lobe