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Biology 3/4 > chap 6- glossary > Flashcards

chap 6- glossary Flashcards

1
Q

adaptive immune response

A

Adaptive Immune Response- an immune response directed against a specific antigen; it retains memory of that antigen so that on subsequent exposure to the same antigen, it responds with a secondary response.

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2
Q

allergen

A

Allergen- an antigen that is normally innocuous but can sometimes cause an over-reacti9on from the immune system known as an allergy.

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3
Q

allergy

A

Allergy- an immune response characterised by IgE production to an innocuous substance.

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4
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

Anaphylactic shock- a sever allergic reaction that causes widespread swelling, including of the face and neck, which can lead to difficulty breathing and a life-threatening reaction.

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5
Q

antibiotic

A

Antibiotic- a naturally or synthetically produced compound that is toxic to bacteria.

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6
Q

antigen

A

Antigen- a large molecule, usually a protein or polysaccharide, that generates an immune response.

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

Apoptosis- a programmed series of events that lead to cell death as a result of dismantling of the internal contents of the cells by various enzymes, including caspases.

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8
Q

bacteria

A

Bacteria- unicellular prokaryotes that can pathogenic and therefore carry disease.

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9
Q

bacterial capsule

A

Bacterial capsule- a polysaccharide layer surrounding some bacteria that makes them resistant to phagocytosis and thus more virulent.

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10
Q

cellular pathogen

A

Cellular pathogen- a disease-causing pathogen that is made up of one or more living cells such as bacteria or fungi.

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11
Q

chemokine

A

Chemokine- a type of cytokine that induces chemotaxis.

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12
Q

chemotaxis

A

Chemotaxis- the movement of an organism or a cell along a chemical concentration gradient either towards or away from a chemokine.

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13
Q

cilia

A

Cilia- slender hair-like structures projecting from a cell surface that beat against fluid.

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14
Q

companion plant

A

Companion plant- a plant that is grown with another plant because one species improves the growth of the other.

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15
Q

complement protein

A

Complement- a number of small proteins found in the blood that, when activated, promote chemotaxis, cell lysis and phagocytosis.

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16
Q

cytokine

A

Cytokine- a signalling molecule that coordinates inflammation and immune responses and that leukocytes use to communicate with one another; includes interleukins and interferons.

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17
Q

defensin

A

Defensin- a type of small antimicrobial peptide secreted by nearly all plants and animals.

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18
Q

degranulation

A

Degranulation- a cellular process in which the granules of neutrophils, mast cells, basophils or eosinophils are emptied into extracellular surroundings.

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19
Q

dendritic cell

A

Dendritic cell- a phagocyte with membranous extensions that engulf pathogens, process them and present them to other cells of the immune system.

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20
Q

desensitisation

A

Desensitisation- a treatment to make a person more tolerant to a substance to which they are allergic.

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21
Q

disease

A

Disease- any condition that interferes with how an organism, or any part of it, functions.

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22
Q

eosinophil

A

Eosinophil- a leukocyte that secretes powerful enzymes capable of rupturing multicellular organisms.

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23
Q

first line of defence

A

First line of defence- physical and chemical barriers that keep pathogens from entering the body of a living thing.

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24
Q

flagellum

A

Flagellum- a helical filament that rotates to give bacteria locomotion.

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25
fungi
Fungi- a heterotrophic organism made up of one or many cells; has cell walls but is not a plant.
26
granulocyte
Granulocyte- a white blood cell that has granules in the cytoplasm.
27
histamine
Histamine- a chemical released by mast cells and basophils that increases blood flow and the permeability of capillaries.
28
host
Host- the organism in which a parasite lives.
29
immune system
Immune system- a complex network of cells, tissues and organs in the body that detect differences between self-molecules and foreign (non-self) organisms and mounts an immune response that results in the formation of memory lymphocytes.
30
immune tolerance
Immune tolerance- tolerance of the presence of an antigen by the immune system so it does not mount an immune response to the antigen.
31
infectious disease
Infectious disease- a disorder caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi and other organisms, that can often be transmitted to other members of a population.
32
inflammation
Inflammation- an innate response to infection or damage that causes pain, swelling, heat and redness
33
innate immune response
Innate immune response- a response to a pathogen that is not specific to the antigen, only that it as been identified being non-self; the response does not generate antibodies or memory lymphocytes.
34
interferon
Interferon- a type of cytokine produced by the cells of the immune system in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses, bacteria, parasites and tumour cells.
35
keratin
Keratin- the tough, fibrous protein of the outer epidermis layer
36
leukocyte
Leukocyte- the general term for a white blood cell
37
lymphocyte
Lymphocyte- a type of leukocyte involved in adaptive immune response
38
lysis
Lysis- the process of a cell bursting
39
lysozyme
Lysozyme- an antibacterial enzyme found in tears, saliva and other body fluids.
40
macrophage
Macrophage- a large white blood cell that phagocytoses pathogens; originates as monocytes in circulation.
41
mast cell
Mast cell- a cell that is located in the tissues and releases granules containing histamines when activated.
42
microbiome
Microbiome- the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in the gut plus their released metabolites and nucleic acids that exist in a specific environment.
43
microbiota
Microbiota- a community of microorganism, including fungi and bacteria, that live in or on another organism.
44
monocyte
Monocyte- a WBC that circulates in the blood and matures into a macrophage when it moves from the blood into the tissues.
45
mucous membrane
Mucous membrane- a mucus-secreting membrane that lines the respiratory, excretory and reproductive tracts
46
natural killer cell
Natural Killer Cell- a circulating leukocyte that kills body cells infected with a virus or transformed by cancer.
47
necrosis
Necrosis- cell death that results from tissue damage or infection when the plasma membrane is breached; results in inflammation
48
neutrophil
Neutrophil- a phagocytic leukocyte found in the blood and tissues.
49
non-cellular pathogen
Non-cellular pathogen- a disease-causing pathogen that is not made of living cells; for example, viruses and prions.
50
non-self antigen
Non-self antigen- a molecule that is not recognised by the immune system as being part of the organism itself.
51
non-specific response
Non-specific response- a response that is the same regardless of the type of antigen.
52
obligate parasite
Obligate parasite- a parasite that cannot complete its life cycle without a suitable host; without the host, the parasite cannot reproduce.
53
opsonisation
Opsonisation- the process in which a pathogen is coated with antibodies and/or complement and marked for phagocytosis.
54
pathogen
Pathogen- an organism foreign to the body and capable of causing disease.
55
phagocyte
Phagocyte- a cell that is capable of phagocytosis; includes macrophages, dendritic cells and neutrophils.
56
phagocytosis
Phagocytosis- a process by which phagocytes engulf a particle or cell.
57
phagolysosome
Phagolysosome- a membrane-bound vesicle formed from the fusion of a phagosome and lysosome.
58
phagosome
Phagosome- a membrane-bound vesicle formed around a particle during phagocytosis.
59
platelet
Platelet- a cell fragment found in the blood involved in blood clotting.
60
prion
Prion- an infectious protein that can cause other unaffected prion proteins in the brain to take the affected form, causing transmissible spongiform encephalopathies.
61
protist
Protist- a unicellular eukaryotic organism
62
second line of defense
Second line of defence- non-specific immune responses including fever and inflammation
63
secondary metabolite
Secondary metabolite- an organic compound produced by bacteria, fungi or plants; its role is to sustain functional and homeostatic health of cells within organs by assisting cells to excrete wastes and toxic substances.
64
self-antigen
Self-antigen- an antigen or a molecule that is a normal body component.
65
sensitisation
Sensitisation- initial exposure to an allergen resulting in an adaptive immune response that generates IgE.
66
sterile inflammation
Sterile inflammation- inflammation resulting from the detection of damage- or danger-associated molecular patterns released during tissue injury in the absence of infection.
67
transmitted
Transmitted- when an infection is passed from one person or organism to another.
68
vasodilation
Vasodilation- widening of blood vessels, particularly arterioles.
69
virus
Virus- an obligate intracellular pathogen that can use the host cells machinery to replicate itself; usually consists of a nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat

Biology 3/4 (22 decks)

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