Chap 6: Life of a Plant Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
two seed leaves
A
- dicotyledons
- two seed leaves
- frence bean, cotton, cucumber, peanut, tangerine
2
Q
one seed leaf
A
- monocotyledons
- one seed leaf
- maize (corn), wheat, rice, sorghum, sugarcane
3
Q
dicotyledon
french bean
A
- testa
- micropyle
- embryo: two cotyledon, plumule, hypocotyl, radicle
4
Q
monocotyledon
maize grain
A
- pericarp & testa
- embryo: one cotyledon, plumule, hypocotyl, radicle
- endosperm
5
Q
seed scar
A
hilum
6
Q
testa
A
- tough, protects seed’s internal strusture
7
Q
micropyle (only for dicotyledon)
A
- absorb water for germination
- only for dicotyledon
germination: beginning of growth
8
Q
cotyledon from dicotyledon
A
- two, thick & fleshy
- seed leaf
- stores nutritious matter
9
Q
cotyledon fron monocotyledon
A
- one, not thick and fleshy
- seed leaf
- absorbs nutrients fron endosperm
10
Q
plumule
A
- young leaves are grown
- develops into the stem and leaves
11
Q
hypocotyl
A
- connects plumule to radicle
- develops into part that connects the root and stem
12
Q
radicle
A
- slender
- develop into the root
13
Q
endosperm (only for monocotyledon)
A
- outside embryo
- stores nutrients (starch)
the cotyledon in the monocotyledon may not be enough, therefore endosperm is there
14
Q
seed contain more starch
A
monocotyledon
15
Q
seeds rich in proteins
A
french bean, soybean, green pea
16
Q
seeds contain fats
A
pine nut, walnut
17
Q
the fuller the seed
A
- more nutrients
- the stronger the young shoot grows from it
18
Q
factors affecting the germination
A
- water
- air
- temperature
- light or darkness
- types of soil
19
Q
before germination
A
- absorb water: testa can be softened or burst
- stored nutrients: dissolved in the water and transported to the radicle, hypocotyl and plumule
- germinate (start to grow)
20
Q
during germination
A
- **radicle **elongates and burst out of the testa
- hypocotyl elongates so that plumule can come out of the ground
- plumule develop into stem and leaves grow out of it
- photosynthesis
elongates: grow
21
Q
hypogeal germination
A
- cotyledon stay in the soil
- hypocotyl do no elongate
- wheat, pea and broad bean
22
Q
epigeal germination
A
- cotyleden above soil
- hypocotyl elongates
- punpkin, soybean and cotton
23
Q
delayed germination
A
- seed dormancy
- autumn, dormancy causes the seed not the germinate; will only germinate when spring
- avoids unfavourable factors like dryness and cold
24
Q
don’t have dormancy or short periods of dormancy
A
- rice and wheat
- if weather is wet and warm for some time, buds will grow
25
fixed life spans
* can be extended under low temperature and dry condition
* shortened under high temperature and wet condition
* 2-3years: wheat, rice and maize
* 4-6years: cabbage, broad bean and pumpkin
26
the part of the root from the tip to the root hairs
root-tip, includes
* root cap
* division zone
* elongation zone
* differentiation zone
27
root cap
protects root tip
28
division zone
* meristematic region
* actively dividing, constant generation of new cells
29
elongation zone
lengthening the root
30
differentiation zone
* maturation
* form of root hairs
* increase ability to absorb water and nutrients
31
a **conspicuous main** root and many **lateral** roots
* **taproot system**
* balsam plant, soybean, rambutan and durian
* deep under the ground
32
main root will **stop** growing and many **adventitious** roots will grow
* **fibrous root system (adventitious)**
* wheat, onion, maize and garlic
* distributed in shallower soils
33
the distribution of roots system affected by
water & fertilizers
34
main stalk (stem) + lateral branches
shoot developed from a bud
35
grows at the end of main shoot
* **terminal (apical) bud**
* elongates the stem
36
grows at the side of a stalk
* **lateral (axillary) bud**
* forms a lateral branch
37
branch buds
branch and leaves
38
flower buds
flowers
39
mixed buds
braches, leaves and flowers
40
flower buds and mixed buds are ___________
thicker, easily differentiated
41
branch buds are formed by
* young leaves
* bud shaft
* bud primordia
42
the terminal bud grows first while lateral bud is restricted
| restricted: limited
* **apical dominance**
* willow, cedar and sunflower
43
plants harvested within a year
* **annual plants**
* rice, maize, tomato
44
plants harvested 2nd year
* **biennial plants**
* rapeseed, carrot
45
plants live more than 2 years
* **perennial plants**
* peach, tangerine
46
growth cycle of a plant
seed germination → growth and development of seeding → mature plant → flowering and fruiting
47
flower is the ___________ organ of the angiosperm
* reproductive
* from a flower bud
* produces fruits and seeds
48
male reproductive organ of a flower
* stamen: filament and anther
49
filament
support the anther
50
anther
produces pollen grains
51
female reproductive organ of a flower
* pistil: stigma, style, ovary, ovule
52
stigma
receives pollen grains
53
style
support the stigma
54
ovary
can be fertilized and develop into fruits
55
ovule
develop into seeds
56
sepals (leaves)
protects the bud
57
petals
* protect internal structure of the flower
* attract insects
58
transferring the released mature grains from the anther to the stigma of a pistil
**pollination**
59
scattering mature pollen grains onto the stigma of the **same flower**
* self-pollination
* pea, sesame and tomato
60
one flower depositing its pollen grain onto the stigma of **another flower**
* cross-pollination
* possess stronger living ability and adaptability
* maize, rapeseed, sunflower, poplar and apple
61
pollination → ____________ → _____________
pollination → fertilization → fruits and seeds
62
media of pollination
* entomophilous flower (insect-pollinated)
* anemophilous flower (wind-pollinated)
* hydrophilous flower (water-pollinated)
* explosive mechanism
* animals and human
63
entomophilous flower (insect-pollinated)
* big and colourful petals
* sweet and nice smelling
* pollen grains big and sticky
* peach, Chinese rose, tangerine rapeseed, mango, papaya and balsam plant
64
anemophilous flower (wind-pollinated)
* pollen grains abundant and light
* secrete sticky liquid, extended out of the petals
* maize, paddy, poplar, elm, dandelion, **indian trumpet** and **dipterocarp**
65
hydrophilous flower (water-pollinated)
* eel grass, hornwort (snapdragon), coconut, lotus
66
explosive mechanism
* fruits from rubber tree: burst open
* balsam and green pea: curl up and explode
67
pollination can be affected if
* wind too strong
* rain too frequent
* temperature too low
68
artificial pollination involves
* collecting pollen grains
* smearing onto stigmas of plants
69
process of fertilization
* **pollen grain** drop onto the stigma, held by sticky excretion of stigma
* develops a **pollen tube**
* pollen tube penetrates stigma and grows down through the style into the **ovule** of the ovary
* pollen tube reaches inner portion of ovule,** male gamete/ sperm cell** is released to combine with the egg cell of ovule
70
fertilization egg →
embryo
71
plants that keep their endosperm when they are mature
maize, wheat, castor bean, persimmon
72
plants with nutrients in the endosperm that are absorbed and stored in the cotyledon, once matured, the endosperm won't exist
kidney bean, cotton, cucumber and orange
73
if there is one ovule →
if there is many ovules →
→ one seed
→ many seeds
74
plants need to disperse their seed to prevent
overcrowding
