Chap 7: Lab Testing Handout Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What is normal red blood count (RBC) value?
A
4-6 mill/mm^3
2
Q
What is normal hemacrotic value?
A
40-50%
3
Q
What is the normal white blood count (wbc) value?
A
5,000-10,000 per mm^3
4
Q
What is normal values of hemoglobin?
A
12-16/100ml blood (g/dL)
5
Q
What is the normal potassium range?
A
3.5-4.5 mEq/L
6
Q
What is the normal sodium range?
A
135-145 mEq/L
7
Q
What is the normal CI- range?
A
90-100 mEq/L
8
Q
What is the normal HCO3 range?
A
22-26 mEq/L
9
Q
What is normal creatine value?
A
0.7-1.3 mg/dL
10
Q
What is normal BUN value?
A
8-25 mg/dL
11
Q
What is normal platelet count?
A
150,000-400,000/mm3
12
Q
Normal APTT value?
A
24-32 secs
13
Q
Normal PT value?
A
12-15 secs
14
Q
Normal value BNP (brain natriuretic peptide)
A
<100 pg/mL
15
Q
What is anemia?
A
-low rbc’s which reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood
-blood loss, hemorrhage
16
Q
What is polycythemia?
A
-high rbc’s
-occurs with COPD
17
Q
Carrying capacity of hemoglobin?
A
1.34 mL of O2 per gram Hb
18
Q
What is low Hb referred to as?
A
anemia
19
Q
What is high Hb referred to as?
A
Polycythemia
20
Q
What spins the whole blood and measure the percent of rbc’s in the original blood volume?
A
hematocrit (Hct)
21
Q
What type of blood cell count changes in response to infections?
A
White blood cells (wbc’s)
22
Q
What does leukocytosis indicate?
A
bacterial infection
23
Q
What is decreased wbc’s called?
A
leukopnia
24
Q
What does leukopnia indicate?
A
Viral infection
25
What should you recommend for a bacterial infection?
Antibiotics
26
What should you recommend for viral infection?
Antiviral agents
27
What is the major type of wbc?
Neutrophils
28
What are immature cells of neutrophils ?
Makes up what percent of WBC?
Blasts
4%
(increased with bacterial infections)
29
Mature cells of neutrophils called?
What percent of WBC?
Segmented
60%
(decrease with bacterial infections)
30
What part of WBC is associated with asthma?
Makes up what percentage?
Eosinophils
2%
31
What part of WBC is associated with tuberculosis?
Makes up what percentage?
Monocytes
3%
32
Which type of wbc is 30% of WBC count?
lymphocytes
33
Which type of wbc is 1% of WBC count?
basophils
34
What are the five electrolytes?
K+, Na+, Cl-, HCO3-, CO2 content
35
What elements are required by the body for a normal metabolism?
electrolytes
36
What do abnormal electrolyte levels indicate?
Abnormal body function
37
What is closely associated with fluid levels, muscle function (cardiac) and kidney function?
Electrolytes
38
What are some clinical applications of electrolyte imbalance?
muscle weakness
nauseua
mental changes (lethargy, dizziness, drowsiness)
39
What's the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
40
What is important for acid-base balance and muscle function, including cardiac muscle?
Potassium
41
What is high potassium?
Hyperkalemia
42
When does hyperkalemia occur?
kidney failure, spiked T wave (metabolic acidosis)
43
What's the major extracellular cation controlled by kidneys?
Sodium
44
Low sodium is called?
Hyponatremia
45
High sodium is called?
Hypernatremia
46
Hypernatremia leads to what?
Dehydration
Fluid loss
IV therapy
47
What is retained in exchange for Potassium (K+)
Sodium
48
What's the major extracellular anion?
Chloride (Cl-)
49
What levels are closely related to Na+?
Cl-
50
what is low chloride called?
hypochloremia
51
what is high chloride called?
hyperchloremia
52
Hypercholoremia is associated with what?
Metabolic acidosis
53
hypocholoremia is associated with what?
Metabolic alkalosis
54
Most CO2 in blood is carried as what?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
55
Creatinine is excreted by what?
Kidneys
56
What is BUN?
Blood Urea Nitrogen
-measurement of kidney function
57
Increased BUN indicates what?
Kidney failure
58
What does a sputum analysis consist of?
-amount
-consistency
-color
-sputum culture
-sensitivity
-gram stain
-acid fast stain
59
Clear sputum indicate?
Normal
60
What does mucoid sputum look like?
what does it indicate?
-translucent, white or gray
-chronic bronchitis
61
what does yellow sputum indicate?
-presence of wbc
-bacterial infection
62
what does green sputum indicate?
-stagnant
-gram negative bacteria (bronchiectasis, pseudomonas)
63
what does brown sputum indicate?
-old blood
(anaerobic lung infection
64
what does bright red sputum indicate?
-hemoptysis
(bleeding tumor, TB)
65
What does pink frothy sputum indicate?
-pulmonary edema
66
What identifies the bacteria present & usually takes 48-72 hours?
sputum culture
67
What identifies what antibiotics will kill the bacteria, takes 48-72 hours?
sensitivity
68
What identifies mycobacterium tuberculosis?
acid fast stain
69
sputum culture, sensitivity, and grain stains can also be found in what samples?
blood
urine
pleural fluid
70
Series of tests that evaluate the clotting mechanisms of the body?
coagulation studies
71
what are some indications for coagulation studies?
-evaluation of preoperative patients for bleeding risk
-evaluate bleeding signs/symptoms
-diagnose disseminated intravascular coagulation
-monitor anticoagulant therapy
72
how do you determine clotting time?
what is the normal clotting time?
-puncture the skin and measure how long it takes for skin to bleed
-6 minutes
73
what is a low platelet count associated with?
decreased bone marrow function and sepsis
74
what is APTT?
-activated partial thromboplastin time
-measures the length of time required for plasma to form a fibrin clot
75
What is APTT used for?
To monitor heparin and how fast it takes for a clot to form
76
What is used for monitoring warfarin (Coumadin) therapy?
prothrombin time (PT)
77
What does a urinalysis do?
-reflects metabolic status of patient and is a screening test for kidney disease
-can indicate UTI before blood results
-also measures appearance, pH, specific gravity, ketones, glucose, blood bilirubin, and sedimentation
78
what is hematuria? what is it associated with?
-blood in the urine
-kidney trauma
79
Protein found in myocardial cells?
troponin
80
specific indicator of damage to heart muscle?
troponin
81
Patients who have suffered from a myocardial infraction would have what?
elevated troponin levels
82
What should you recommend for high troponin levels?
Oxygen, morphine, aspirin, nitroglycerin
83
What is secreted by the cardiac muscle when heart failure develops or worsens?
brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
84
What does elevated BNP indicate?
Congestive Heart Failure
85
BNP LEVEL >300 pg/ml indicate what?
mild heart failure
86
BNP level >600pg/mL indicate what?
moderate heart failure
87
BNP LEVEL >900 pg/ml indicate what?
severe heart failure
88
What should you recommend for elevated BNP?
Diuretics, positive inotropic agents
89
What consists of intradermal injection of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of mycobacterium TB?
TB skin test
90
What should you recommend for a positive TB test?
isolation and anti tubercular agents
