Pulses, Breath Sounds, Diseases

Question 1

What is a normal pulse rate?

Answer 1

60-100 bpm

Question 2

What is normal respiratory rate?

Answer 2

12-20 breaths/min

Question 3

Fast RR indicates what?

Answer 3

Tachypnea

Question 4

Slow RR indicates what?

Answer 4

Bradypnea

Question 5

What is eupnea?

Answer 5

Normal respiratory rate
12-20 breaths per min

Question 6

What is tachypnea?

Answer 6

-increased RR
>20 breaths per min

Question 7

Bradypnea

Answer 7

-decreased RR
<12 breaths per min

Question 8

Apnea

Answer 8

Cessation of breathing

Question 9

Hyperpnea

Answer 9

-Increased depth
-normal rate & rhythm

Question 10

Hypopnea

Answer 10

-Shallow or slow breathing
-Decreased depth
-Normal rate, rhythm

Question 11

Cheyne Stokes

Answer 11

Gradually increasing then decreasing rate and depth lasting from 30-180 seconds with
apnea up to 60 seconds

Question 12

What is Biot’s breathing?

Answer 12

rapid, deep breaths (gasps) (increased RR, depth) with irregular periods of apnea

Question 13

What is Kussmaul’s breathin?

Answer 13

-increased RR and depth
-irregular rhythm
-breath sounds labored

Question 14

What is apneustic breathing?

Answer 14

prolonged gasping inspiration followed by short, insufficient expiration

Question 15

What are normal breathing sounds called?

Answer 15

Vesicular sounds

Question 16

What are the abnormal breathing sounds?

Answer 16

crackles, wheezing, stridor, stertor, pleural friction rub

Question 17

What do crackles indicate?

Answer 17

secretions/fluid in airways

Question 18

Coarse crackles (rhonchi that clear with cough)

Answer 18

sound: deeper drowning & popping sound

description: large airway secretions.

treatment: suction patient or instruct to cough

Question 19

Rhonchi

Answer 19

sound: swimming under water sound/drowning

description: blockage of main airways due to mucous, foreign bodies

Question 20

Medium crackles

Answer 20

description: middle airway secretions.

treatment: recommend bronchial hygiene

Question 21

Fine crackles (moist rales)

Answer 21

sound: finer drowning & popping sound

description: located in smaller airways/alveoli with excess fluid or atelectasis. associated with CHF/pulmonary edema

treatment:
-oxygen
-positive pressure therapy
-positive inotropic agents
-diuretics

Question 22

Wheezing

Answer 22

sound: high pitched whistling sound

description: caused by bronchospasm

treatment: bronchodilator therapy for bilateral wheezing

Question 23

Unilateral wheezing (only on one side)

Answer 23

description: foreign body obstruction

treatment: rigid bronchoscopy in OR

Question 24

Stridor

Answer 24

sound: high pitched (whistling) or crowing inspiratory sound

upper airway obstructions:
-epiglottitis
-subglottic swelling (post extubation, croup)
-foreign body aspiration

treatment-
topical decongestant:
swelling/edema

suctioning and/or bronchoscopy:
secretions and foreign body aspiration

intubate: severe swelling/epiglottitis

Question 25

Stertor

Answer 25

sound: low pitched snoring sound description: noisy breathing during inhalation due to vibrations of fluid or relaxed/flabby tissue

Question 26

Pleural friction rub

Answer 26

sound: coarse grating, raspy, crunching sound description: inflamed surface of the visceral and parietal pleura rubbing together (TB, pneumonia, cancer, pulmonary infarction) treatment: steroids/antibiotics

Question 27

What is a pneumothorax?

Answer 27

a hole in the pleural space surrounding the lung, causing air to leak into pleural space, causing a pressure difference against the lung making it fully or partially collapse

Question 28

What are some examples of diseases that can cause a pneumothorax?

Answer 28

stab wound, copd, CF, pneumonia, asthma

Question 29

What is a open pneumothorax?

Answer 29

Outside wound (stab wound, puncture) causing air to go from outside body to inside body into pleural space

Question 30

What is a closed pneumothorax?

Answer 30

A hole in the lung causing air to move into pleural space

Question 31

What is a tension pneumothorax?

Answer 31

Air can't escape pleural space and puts pressure on heart, lung, blood vessels

Question 32

What is atelectasis?

Answer 32

The alveoli become deflated or filled with alveolar fluid, causing a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or lobe of the lung.

Question 33

Tracheal deviation pulled to abnormal side conditions?

Answer 33

-pulmonary atelectasis -pneumonectomy -diaphragmatic paralysis

Question 34

Tracheal deviation pushed to normal side?

Answer 34

-massive pleural effusion -tension pneumothorax -neck/thyroid tumor -large mediastinal mass

Question 35

A _____ stops pulmonary vascular resistance; the patient would look blue or gray

Answer 35

embolus

Question 36

What is cystic fibrosis?

Answer 36

causes mucus to become thick and sticky, which blocks airways. ex:alveoli airway

Question 37

What is bronchiectasis?

Answer 37

lungs bronchi(airways) become damaged, making it hard to clear mucus which leads to increased mucus build up

Question 38

What is pneumonia?

Answer 38

infection in one or both lungs that causes the alveoli to become inflamed and filled with fluid or pus

Question 39

Lasix (furosemide) is used for what?

Answer 39

to decrease the pressure caused by excess fluid in the heart and lungs. Ex: edema