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Neuroscience > Chaper 10 > Flashcards

Chaper 10 Flashcards

1
Q

First order neurons

A

bring information from sensory receptors into the spinal cord

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2
Q

Second- order neuron

A

Conveys information between the spinal cord or brainsten to the thalamus

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3
Q

Third-order neuron

A

Conveys in formation from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Cutaneous

A

Sensory information from the skin

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5
Q

Cutaneous sensory information includes

A

Touch, nociception, and temperature

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6
Q

Nociception

A

The perception of tissue damage or potential tissue damage

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7
Q

Proprioception

A

Provides information about the position of your body in space with out the need for visual conformation

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8
Q

Light touch

A

Nonpainful (innocuous) vibration, skin stretch, and skin pressure they communicate
Ex. Feeling of coffee cup slipping out of your hands

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9
Q

Discriminative touch

A

Allows someone to specifically localize where along the skin a stimulus is occurring

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10
Q

Crude touch

A

Provides information that a mechanical stimuli has occurred
Conveyed by free nerve endings

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11
Q

Tonic receptors

A

Respond the entire time a stimulus is present
Ex. Pressure of Holding coffee cup in your hands

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12
Q

Phasic receptors

A

Adapts to a constant stimulus and stop responding wile the stimulus is still present
Ex. Pressure after putting watch on wrist

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13
Q

Musculoskeletal afferents in declining diameter order

A

Ia, Ib, II, III, and IV

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14
Q

Cutaneous afferents in declining diameter order

A

AB, AO, C

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15
Q

Polymodal

A

Small diameter primary afferents (III, IV, AO, and C)

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16
Q

Polymodal function

A

Transit signals from multiple modalities, including mechanical, thermal, and chemical stimuli

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17
Q

Silent nociceptors

A

Insensitive, become spontaneously active and respond to mechanical stimuli following tissue damage

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18
Q

Peripheral sensitization

A

Increased pain following tissue injury
Nociceptors fire more action potentials in response to a stimulus

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19
Q

Receptive field

A

The area of skin innervated by a single afferent neuron
Small distally and large proximally

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20
Q

Dermatome

A

Area of skin innervated by axons that enter the spinal cord through a single dorsal root

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21
Q

Dermatome are used to diagnose

A

a lesion affecting a single nerve root and to determine the sensory level affected by a spinal cord injury

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22
Q

If a lesion occurs in the peripheral nerve

A

Sensory impairment will be in the radial nerve

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23
Q

If a lesion involves a spinal nerve root

A

The sensory impairment will be in the C7 Dermatome

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24
Q

Large afferents (I and II) innervate

A

The muscle spindle

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25
Q

Small afferents (III and IV)

A

Convey nociceptive information

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26
Q

Muscle spindle

A

Sensory organ in muscle consisting of muscle fibers, sensory endings, and motor endings
Embedded in skeletal muscle

27
Q

Intrafusal fibers

A

Specialized muscle fibers inside the spindle
Contractile only at their ends
Provide sensation

28
Q

Extrafusal fibers

A

Ordinary skeletal muscle fibers outside the spindle
Larger than intrafusal

29
Q

2 types of intrafusal fibers

A

Nuclear bag fibers
Nuclear chain fibers

30
Q

Nuclear bag fibers

A

Have a clump of nuclei in the central region

31
Q

Nuclear chain fibers

A

Have nuclei arranged single file

32
Q

2 types of afferents

A

Type Ia afferents
Type II afferents

33
Q

Type Ia afferents

A

Wrap around the central region of both nuclear bag and chain fibers
Phasic receptors
Exhibit maximal discharge during quick stretch of the muscle
Very fast

34
Q

Type II Afferents

A

End mainly on nuclear chain fibers and some bag fibers adjacent to the type Ia afferents
Tonic receptors
Exhibit sustained firing that is proportional to the amount of stretch placed on the muscle

35
Q

Gamma motor neurons

A

Maintains sensitivity of the spindle throughout the normal range of muscle lengths Fire, casing the ends of intrafusal fibers to contract

36
Q

Gamma dynamic axons

A

Innervate the contractile end of nuclear bag fibers to adjust their sensitivity to the velocity of muscle length changes

37
Q

Gamma static axons

A

Innervates the contractile ends of nuclear chain fibers and some nuclear bag fibers to tune their sensitivity to static muscle stretch

38
Q

Golgi tendon organs

A

Encapsulated nerve endings woven among the collagen strands of the tendon near the musculotendinous junction
Information is transmitted into the spinal cord by type Ib afferents 

39
Q

Joint receptors 

A

Respond to mechanical deformation of the capsule and ligaments

40
Q

Ruffini’s endings

A

In the joint capsule, tonic receptors
Signal the extremes of joint range and respond more to passive than active movement

41
Q

Paciniform corpuscles

A

In joints, Phasic receptors
Respond to movement and are silent when joint position is constant

42
Q

Ligament receptors

A

Similar to golgi tendon organs and signal tension

43
Q

Free nerve endings

A

Most often stimulated by inflammation
Multiple dendrites, one of the slowest conducting

44
Q

Herpes Zoster or shingles

A

Components of varicella-zoster virus
Irritates and inflames the nerve and nerve endings causing pain and loss of cutaneous small diameter afferents
Virus released into the skin causing painful rash with eruptions
Usually limited to one or two adjacent unilateral Dermatomes
Infection is in dorsal root ganglion

45
Q

Postherpetic neuralgia

A

Severe pain that persists longer than 120 days

46
Q

Shingles treatments

A

Antiviral drugs, analgesic medications (glucocorticoids, acetaminophen, tramadol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids)

47
Q

Neuropathy

A

Dysfunction or pathology of one or more peripheral nerves
Lyrica used for neuropathic pain in feet
Progabelin side effects: makes you slow and sleepy

48
Q

Somatosensory gain of function

A

Hypersensitivity and or spontaneous pain

49
Q

Somatosensory loss of function

A

Decreased or total loss of somatosensation
Loss may be partial or complete

50
Q

Sensory loss proceeds in the order of descending axon diameter

A
  1. Conscious proprioception and light touch
  2. Cold
  3. Fast nociception (interpretated as sharp pain)
  4. Heat
  5. Slow nociception (interpreted as aching pain)
51
Q

Ataxia

A

Incoordination that is not due to weakness
3 types: sensory, vestibular, cerebellar

52
Q

Romberg test

A

Used to distinguish between cerebellar ataxia and sensory ataxia
Sensory ataxia have better balance when eyes are open
Cerebellar ataxia have difficulty maintain balance with eyes open and closed

53
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing

54
Q

Spinal stenosis

A

Narrowing of spinal canal

55
Q

Spondylosis

A

Arthritic changes to vertebral column

56
Q

Coronary arterial stenosis

A

Blockage in coronary artery because of plaque build up
In ppl with High cholesterol

57
Q

Necrotic

A

When tissue dies leading to need for amputation

58
Q

Stocking glove pattern

A

Ppl with diabetes
Sensory loss, numbness, and pain or burning sensations in distal limbs

59
Q

Axon type C

A

Slowest acting
Small diameter and unmyelinated

60
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Sensitive to light touch
Phasic receptors

61
Q

Merkel’s discs

A

Sensitive to pressure
Tonic receptors

62
Q

Ruffini’s corpuscles

A

Sensitive to stretching of the skin
Detect slippage of object in hand
Tonic receptors

63
Q

Synovial joints

A

Most common
Have synovial fluid surrounding joint in joint capsule
Ex. Shoulder, hip, elbow, knee

64
Q

Supraspinal

A

Helps control right amount of tension in muscle spindle

Neuroscience (19 decks)

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