chapt. 7

Question 1

what is memory

Answer 1

a collection of several systems that store info in different forms for various times

Question 2

atkinson-shiffron model

Answer 2

3 memory stores, long/short-term for various

Question 3

control processes

Answer 3

shifts from one memory store to another

Question 4

attention

Answer 4

selects what info is passed to STM

Question 5

encoding

Answer 5

storing sensory info in LTM

Question 6

retrieval

Answer 6

brings info from LTM to STM

Question 7

sensory memory

Answer 7

memory store accurately holds awareness info for a brief moment

Question 8

iconic memory

Answer 8

visual form of sensory memory

Question 9

echoic memory

Answer 9

auditory form of sensory memory, held longer

Question 10

STM

Answer 10

limited capacity/duration of memory

Question 11

chunking

Answer 11

organizing smaller bits of info into larger meaningful chunks

Question 12

LTM

Answer 12

holds info for a long time

Question 13

tip of the tongue phenomenon

Answer 13

retrieve similar sounding words, but not actual word

Question 14

serial position effect

Answer 14

remembering first and last items of a list

Question 15

proactive interference

Answer 15

first info learned overshadows older memories

Question 16

retroactive interference

Answer 16

most recent info overshadows older memories

Question 17

rehearsal

Answer 17

repeating info

Question 18

working memory

Answer 18

STM remembers combo of components temporarily storing small bits of info at a time

Question 19

phonological loop

Answer 19

storage component of working memory, relies on rehearsal, stores small bits of info at a time

Question 20

word-length effect

Answer 20

people remember 1 syllable words

Question 21

visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 21

storage component that keeps you aware of your surroundings/objects

Question 22

feature binding

Answer 22

combines visual features into single unit

Question 23

episodic buffer

Answer 23

working memory combines images nad sounds into story-like episodes

Question 24

central executive

Answer 24

control centre of working memory, coordinates attention, exchanges info between three storage components

Question 25

declaritive LTM

Answer 25

consciously aware of things we can declare

Question 26

nondeclaritive

Answer 26

actions/behaviours we remember without awareness

Question 27

episodic memories

Answer 27

"I did this", personal experiences

Question 28

sematic memories

Answer 28

facts about the world

Question 29

procedural memory

Answer 29

muscle memory

Question 30

long-term potentiation

Answer 30

increase of transmission of neural signals between nerve cells firing together

Question 31

consolidation

Answer 31

converts short-term memories to long-term

Question 32

amnesia

Answer 32

loss of at least 1 memory form

Question 33

anterograde amnesia

Answer 33

inabaility to form new memories

Question 34

memory storage

Answer 34

time/manner in which info is retrieved between encoding and retrieval

Question 35

reconsolidation

Answer 35

hippocampus modifies/updates/strengthens existing memories

Question 36

cross-cortical storage

Answer 36

LT declaritive memories form networks in different regions of the cortex

Question 37

retrograde amnesia

Answer 37

memory for events before trauma is lost

Question 38

maintenance rehearsal

Answer 38

prolonging exposure to info through repetition

Question 39

elaborative rehearsal

Answer 39

thinking about its meaning, studying

Question 40

shallow processes

Answer 40

sound/spelling of the word

Question 41

deep processes

Answer 41

thinking about the meaning

Question 42

self-reference effect

Answer 42

thinking how the info is meaningful to you

Question 43

recognition

Answer 43

identifying stimulus

Question 44

encoding specificity principle

Answer 44

retrieval most effective when conditions of encoding/retrieval are the same

Question 45

context-dependent

Answer 45

characteristics of environment serves as clues

Question 46

state-dependant memory

Answer 46

retrieval more effective when internal state matches encoding state

Question 47

mood dependant

Answer 47

retrieval more effective when mood matches encoding mood

Question 48

emotional memories

Answer 48

recalled more

Question 49

flashbulb memory

Answer 49

vivid memory of event about how you learned about the event

Question 50

forgetting curve

Answer 50

rate of forgetting slows down, until you don't forget anymore

Question 51

mnemonic

Answer 51

technique to remember

Question 52

method of loci

Answer 52

mnemonic connecting words to be remembered to locations

Question 53

acronym

Answer 53

letters represent initials of phrase

Question 54

first-letter techniques

Answer 54

first letters spell word to form a sentence

Question 55

dual-coding

Answer 55

combining two perceptions, like visual and sound to LTM

Question 56

desirable difficulties

Answer 56

techniques make studying slower and more effort, but better for overall memory

Question 57

testing effect

Answer 57

practice tests before exam

Question 58

cognitive offloading

Answer 58

use of action/device to reduce cognitive demands by given task

Question 59

schemas

Answer 59

organized clusters of memories that reflect someone's knowledge or beliefs about something

Question 60

constructive memory

Answer 60

we first recall generalized schema then add details later

Question 61

infantile amnesia

Answer 61

no memories before 3 years old

Question 62

false memory

Answer 62

incorrect recall

Question 63

misinformation effect

Answer 63

info affects memories

Question 64

source memory

Answer 64

where/how memory was acquired

Question 65

imagination inflation

Answer 65

increase confidence of false memory followed by repeated imagination of event

Question 66

guided imagery

Answer 66

helps people recover details of events by imagining

Question 67

DRM procedure

Answer 67

participants study highly related words called semantic associates

Question 68

recovered memory

Answer 68

recovered after blocking out from traumatic event