Chapter 0d Flashcards
1
Q
- pure substances from which all other things are built
- cannot be broken down into simpler substances
A
elements
2
Q
- represents the names of the elements
- consists of one to two letters and start with a capital letter
A
chemical symbols
3
Q
- silver, shiny elements that is a liquid at room temperature
- can enter the body by vapor inhalation, contact with the skin, or ingestion of water or food contaminated with it
A
mercury (Hg)
4
Q
organize 118 elements into groups with similar properties and placesthem in order of increasing atomic mass
A
periodic table
5
Q
how many elements are in the periodic table
A
118
6
Q
contains elements with similar properties in vertical columns
A
groups
7
Q
horizontal rows of elements, counted from top to bottom of the table as 1-7
A
periods
8
Q
written at the top of each vertical column
A
group numbers
9
Q
use the letter A for __ __
A
representative elements
10
Q
use the letter B for __ __
A
transition elements
11
Q
representative elements
A
(Groups 1A-8A)
12
Q
transition elements
A
(Group 3B-12B)
13
Q
Group 1A
A
alkali metals
14
Q
what are the alkali metals
A
- lithium (Li)
- sodium (Na)
- potassium (K)
- rubidium (Rb)
- cesium (Cs)
15
Q
Group 2A
A
alkaline earth metals
16
Q
what are the alkaline earth metals
A
- beryllium (Be)
- magnesium (Mg)
- calcium (Ca)
- strontium (Sr)
- barium (Ba)
- radium (Ra)
17
Q
Group 7A
A
halogens
18
Q
what are the halogens
A
- fluorine (F)
- chlorine (Cl)
- bromine (Br)
- iodine (I)
19
Q
- located on the left of the periodic table
- shiny and ductile
- conduct heat and electricity
- solids, except for mercury
A
metals
20
Q
- located on the right side of the periodic table
- dull, brittle, and poor conductors but often good insulators
- have low densities and melting points
A
nonmetals
21
Q
- located along the heavy zigzag line on the periodic table
- exhibit properties of metals and nonmetals
- better conductors than nonmentals but not as good as metals
- used as semiconductors and insulators, because they can be modified to function as conductors and insulators
A
metalloids
22
Q
how many elements are essential for the well-being and survival of the human body
A
20 elements
23
Q
are representative minerals involve in
- formation of bones and teeth
- maintenance of heart and blood vessels, muscle contraction, nerve impulses, and acid-base balance of body fluids
- regulation of cellular metabolism
A
macrominerals
24
Q
what are the macrominerals
A
- Ca
- P
- K
- Cl
- S
- Na
- Mg
25
smallest particle of an element that retains the characteristics of that element
atom
26
theory that states the properties of atoms
Dalton's atomic theory
27
subatomic particles of atoms
1. protons
2. electrons
3. neutrons
27
have a positive charge
protons
28
have a negative chargeg
electrons
29
have no charge
neutrons
30
like charges __
repel
31
unlike charges __
attract
32
realized from his experiment that cathode rays contain negatively charged particles
J.J. Thomson
33
model in which protons and electrons were randomly distributed in a positively charged cloud, like plums in a pudding
"plum-pudding" model
34
concluded that there must be a small, dense, positively charged nucleus in the atom that deflects positive particles that come close
Rutherford
35
what do atoms consist
1. nucleus
2. electrons
36
- located in the center of the atom
- contains protons and neutrons and represents most of the mass of an atom
nucleus
37
occupy a large, empty space around the nucleus
electrons
38
unit for atoms
atomic mass unit (amu)
39
mass of electron
much less than that of a proton or neutron
40
- equal to the number of protons in an atom
- whole number specific for each element
- same for all atoms of an element
atomic number
41
net charge of neutral atoms
0
42
neutral atoms
number of protons = number of electrons
43
- equal to number of protons + number of neutrns
- represents the number of particles in the nucleus
- always a whole number
- does not appear in the periodic table
mass number
44
- have different mass numbers
- same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
- atoms of the same element
- can be distinguished by their atomic symbols
isotopes
45
- weighted average of all naturally occurring isotopes of that element
- number on the periodic table below the chemical symbol
atomic mass
46
consists of energy particles that move as waves of energy
electromagnetic radiation
47
distance between the peaks of waves
wavelength
48
has shorter wavelengths
high-energy radiation
49
has longer wavelengths
low-energy radiation
50
spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation emitted or absorbed by an electron during transitions between different energy levels within an atom
Atomic spectra
51
what are the lines in an atomic spectrum associated with
changes in energies of electrons
52
specific energy of electron is also known as
energy level
53
represents the relative overall energy of each orbital
principal quantum number n
54
means that the electrons can possess only certain discrete energy values; values between those quantized values are not permitted
Quantized energy
55
what happens when electrons fall back to a lower energy level
light is emitted
56
what determines the physical and chemical properties of an element
arrangement of electrons
57
number of sublevels in an energy level =
principal quantum number n of that energy level
58
what are the sublevels
s, p, d, and f
59
s orbitals are shown as
spheres
60
how many p orbitals are there
3, starting with n=2
61
maximum electron an orbital can hold
2
62
how many orbitals:
s sublevel
1
63
how many orbitals:
p sublevel
3
64
how many orbitals:
d sublevel
5
65
how many orbitals:
f sublevel
14
