Chapter 1

Question 1

Scientific Method

Answer 1

observation
question
hypothesis
experiment
anaylze
report results

Question 2

Control

Answer 2

A control is a part of the experiment that does not change

Question 3

replicates

Answer 3

means they are more likely to be correct. Repeated replication of investigations may turn a hypothesis into a theory. On the other hand, if results cannot be replicated they are likely to be incorrect.

Question 4

After making careful observations, scientists construct a(n)

Answer 4

hypothesis

Question 5

Which of the following statements is not true about a hypothesis?

Answer 5

It always withstands the test of experiments

Question 6

The final outcome of any scientific investigation is “proving” the premise of the question.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

highest praise you can give to a concept
highest level of trust
huge amouts of predictions and always seem to come out as true

Answer 7

theory

Question 8

Seeing faces in inanimate objects is an example of

Answer 8

hardwired human bias

Question 9

The statistical cutoff for scientific significance requres a minimum of a _________ chance that the observed effect is not due to chance.

Answer 9

95%

Question 10

tentative explanations
testable and falsifiable
estimated idea

Answer 10

hypothesis

Question 11

Importance of evidence:

Answer 11

We trust it

Question 12

Belief vs Evidence

Answer 12

Scientific method is far more reliable and strict vs belief can be based on imagination

Question 13

major elemental constituents (greater than 1%)

Answer 13

oxygen
carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen

calcium
phosoporus

Question 14

The nucleus of an atom is composed of two subatomic particles, ______________ and ______________.

Answer 14

protons; neutrons

Question 15

Consequences of being deficient in trace elements in your diet:

Answer 15

body cannot function properly

Question 16

what are atoms:

basic structure:

Answer 16

smallest particles that retain properties of an element

electrons (-)
Protons (+)
neutrons (no charge)

Question 17

bohr model of an atom

Answer 17

nucleus - center
contains neutrons and protons
surrounding orbit - electrons

Question 18

Same number as protons

Answer 18

atomic number

Question 19

The ___________________ of atoms determine how atoms will react with each other.

Answer 19

electrons

Question 20

Atoms that bear a positive or negative charge are known as

Answer 20

ions

Question 21

protons and neutrons added together:

Answer 21

atomic mass

Question 22

protons cant change

Answer 22

true

Question 23

when neutrons change

when atoms of an element with different number of neutrons

Answer 23

isotopes

Question 24

number of electrons = to

Answer 24

= number of protons

Question 25

electron "shells" (valences)

Answer 25

"distance from the nucleus" | electrons exist in different energetic states

Question 26

electrons that are further away are at a ____level

Answer 26

higher

Question 27

inner shell can only hold ____

Answer 27

2 electrons

Question 28

out sehll can hold ____

Answer 28

up to 8 "octet rule"

Question 29

period table column:

Answer 29

refer to the # of electrons in the outer most shell of an atom

Question 30

period table row:

Answer 30

number of shells that ocupied by electrons

Question 31

how to you make atoms stable (happy)

Answer 31

Lose/gain electrons because atoms like to have their shell full

Question 32

left side of periodic table tend to ____to gain stability

Answer 32

lose electrons - tend to be metals

Question 33

column 4 5 6 7tend to _____ to gain stability

Answer 33

gain or share

Question 34

column 8 tends to ____ to gain stability

Answer 34

unreactive | noble gases

Question 35

ions

Answer 35

elements that have gained or lost electrons

Question 36

if you lose electrons you tend to be:

Answer 36

``` positively charged (metals) ```

Question 37

if you gain electrons you tend to be

Answer 37

negative Charge | non metals

Question 38

bond:

Answer 38

union between electrons in atoms

Question 39

atoms bond to form:

Answer 39

molecules

Question 40

covelant bond:

Answer 40

strong bond share electrons to share outermost shell very stable

Question 41

ionic bonds:

Answer 41

weak bond | positive and negative charge bond together

Question 42

hydrogen bond:

Answer 42

weak bond | when hydrogen covalently bonded to another atom is also attracted to another atom ( typically negative)

Question 43

Why is carbon special?

Answer 43

``` carbon has 4 electrons in its outmost shell rather than give or gain it shares almost never behaves ionically behaves covalently among the strongest in the natural world ```

Question 44

non-polar molecules

Answer 44

when atoms share electrons equally they create a compound that has no net electrical charge equally distributed Hydrogen molecule - non polar stable bond

Question 45

polar molecules

Answer 45

not an equal distribution - asymetrical | attract opposite charge

Question 46

electronegativity

Answer 46

bonds that attract opposite charge. | strong polar property pulls

Question 47

water:

Answer 47

water molecules attracted to each other high temp stabilizing effect - takes alot of change temp cohesion - surface tension - pull on itself solvent - polar property ice - floats when its a solid densest as 4 degrees

Question 48

bases/acids

Answer 48

acid: More Hydrogen H base: more hydroxide OH

Question 49

pH scale

Answer 49

measures the number protons or hydogen ions in a fluid

Question 50

1 change on pH scale =

Answer 50

10x hydrogen change

Question 51

1 ph (

Answer 51

acidic Highest H+

Question 52

10 ph

Answer 52

base highest OH-

Question 53

Donates H+ when dissolved in water

Answer 53

acids (pH < 7)

Question 54

Accepts H+ when dissolved in water

Answer 54

bases (pH>7)

Question 55

weak base | strong base

Answer 55

8 | 12

Question 56

weak acid | strong acid

Answer 56

6 | 3

Question 57

reluctant donors

Answer 57

weak acids

Question 58

gives up H+ easily when dissolved

Answer 58

strong acids

Question 59

substances that can combine with A/B and absorb excess ions from keep the PH from changing dramatically (sodium bicarbonate)

Answer 59

Buffer System