Chapter 1 Flashcards
(44 cards)
What is Biology?
biology is the study of life
one aim is to discover patterns in the diversity
What are the common functions of all living things?
- Responsiveness
- Growth
- Reproduction
- Movement
- Metabolism
Responsiveness
-Doing something in response to a change in the immediate environment
-Also called irritability
-Capacity to make longer term adjustments is adaptability
EX-moving away from a painful stimulus
Growth
An increase in organism size accomplished by:
- Growth of cells
- Addition of new cells
- Differentiation
- Process of individual cells becoming specialized for particular functions
Reproduction
Creation of new generations of similar organisms
Movement
- May be Internal or External
- Internal: transporting blood, food, or other material with the body
- External: moving through the environment
Metabolism
- Sum total of all chemical operations in the body
- Cells use materials absorbed from the environment for energy
- Nutrients form food
- Oxygen
- More complex organisms require specialized structures and systems for metabolic processes
What are the main metabolic processes?
- Respiration
- Absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells
- Digestion
- Breaking down complex foods into simpler compounds that can be absorbed
- Excretion
- Elimination waste products generated by metabolic operations
Anatomy
-Greek origin
-Means cutting open
STUDY OF
-internal and external structure
-Relationships between body parts
-Divided into gross anatomy or microscopic anatomy
Gross Anatomy
-Also called macroscopic anatomy
-Studies structures visible with unaided eye
includes:
-Surface anatomy
-Study of general form and superficial markings
Regional Anatomy
The study of superficial and internal features of a specific region of the body
- Systemic anatomy
- Study of the structure of major organ systems
Microscopic Anatomy
Studies structures that cannot be seen without magnification
Includes:
Cytology and Histology
Cytology
Study of internal structure of individual cells
Histology
Study of tissues, groups of specialized cells and cell products that work together to preform specific functions
Physiology
- Greek origin
- Study of function in living organisms
- Interrelated with anatomy
- Anatomy gives clues about function
- Physiology is explained in anatomical terms
Human Physiology
Studies functions of the human body
Specialties include the study of:
-The functions of living cells-Cell Physiology
-Includes chemical and molecular levels
-The physiology of specific organs-special physiology
-All aspects of the function of specific organ systems-systemic physiology
-the effects of diseases on organ or system functions-pathological physiology or pathology
Levels of organization
Chemical level
- Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter
- Atoms combine to form molecules
- Molecular shape defines function
Levels of organization
Cellular level
- Made up of cells, the smallest living units in the body
- Formed by interaction between different molecules
Levels of organization
Tissue level
Similar cells working together to preform a specific function form a tissue
Levels of organization
Organ level
Two or more different tissues working together to preform specific functions form an organ
Levels of organization
Organ System level
Organs interacting to preform specific functions form organ systems
Levels of organization
organism level
All of the organ systems of the body working together to maintain life and health form an organism
What are the 11 organ systems of the human body?
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Homeostasis
- A state of internal balance or stable internal environment
- Must be maintained in order to survive
- Malfunction of organ systems when homeostatic responses are overwhelmed result in disease
- Accomplished by interdependent organ system functioning together