Chapter 1

Question 1

define pharmacology

Answer 1

study of effects of chemicals on the body

Question 2

define drugs

Answer 2

chemicals introduced to the body to bring about change

Question 3

define pharmatherapeutics

Answer 3

uses drugs to treat, diagnose, prevent disease

Question 4

define adverse effects

Answer 4

“side effects” - undesirable, unpleasant, dangerous

Question 5

nurse’s responsibilities (6) regarding drug therapy

Answer 5

Administering safely

Assessment of effects of drug - requires knowledge of drug

Interventions to make regimen more tolerable

Teaching patients about drugs

Monitoring overall plan of care

Preventing errors

Question 6

2 sources of drugs

Answer 6

natural

synthetic

Question 7

3 sources of natural drugs + examples

Answer 7

Plants: digitalis from foxglove; morphine & codeine from poppy seeds; herbal OTC products

Animals: drugs that replace human chemicals - formerly insulin; hormone replacement

Compounds: fluoride, iron, aluminum, gold salts

Question 8

define drug evaluation & its purpose

Answer 8

determines safety & efficacy of drug

Question 9

how long does drug evaluation usually take?

Answer 9

5-6 years

Question 10

stages of drug evaluation

Answer 10

preclinical trials

phase I

phase II

phase III

FDA approval

phase IV

Question 11

what are the populations studied in each stage of drug eval?

Answer 11

preclinical: animals

I: healthy volunteers

II: diseased volunteers

III: widespread

IV: widespread use

Question 12

which phase of drug eval starts to see unexpected effects of drug?

Answer 12

phase III

Question 13

what 3 names are drugs given?

Answer 13

trade, generic, chemical

Question 14

what are categories of drugs based on use during pregnancy?

Answer 14

Categories A, B, C, D, X

Question 15

describe category A

Answer 15

Studies demonstrate safety

Question 16

describe category B

Answer 16

Animal studies demonstrate no risk, but no adequate studies in pregnant women OR

Animal studies show adverse effect, but adequate studies in pregnant women do not demonstrate risk

Question 17

describe category C

Answer 17

Animal studies show effect on fetus, but no adequate studies in pregnant women OR

Benefits of drug during pregnancy may outweight risk OR

No adequate reproduction studies in animals or humans

Question 18

describe category D

Answer 18

Evidence of risk to human fetus, but benefits of drug during pregnancy may outweigh risk

Question 19

describe category x

Answer 19

Demonstrated abnormalities or adverse reactions - risk clearly outweighs possible benefits

Question 20

__________ gave FDA control of drugs following drug ______ causing birth defects

Answer 20

1962 - Kefauver-Harris Act

thalidomide

Question 21

act that regulates drugs known to have abuse potential

Answer 21

1970 - Controlled Substance Act

Question 22

nursing interventions when handling controlled substances (5)

Answer 22

Account for all drugs

Keep a special record

Countersign all wasted medications

Ensure documentation and drugs on hand match

Only authorized persons have access to locked system

Question 23

what are the DEA schedules of controlled substances?

Answer 23

Schedule 1-5 (C-I through C-V)

Question 24

high abuse potential - no approved medical use

Answer 24

schedule 1

Question 25

high abuse potential - severe dependence liability - some medical uses

Answer 25

schedule 2

Question 26

less abuse potential - moderate dependence liability

Answer 26

schedule 3

Question 27

less abuse potential - limited dependence liability

Answer 27

schedule 4

Question 28

very limited abuse potential

Answer 28

schedule 5

Question 29

name schedule 1 drugs

Answer 29

Heroin, LSD, ecstasy

Question 30

name schedule 2 drugs

Answer 30

Narcotic opioids, amphetamines, barbituates, cocaine, methamphetamines, opium, morphine, codeine

Question 31

name schedule 3 drugs

Answer 31

Nonbarbituate sedatives, nonstimulant amphetamines, limited amounts of certain narcotics, some codeine mixtures, anabolic steroids

Question 32

name schedule 4 drugs

Answer 32

Anti-anxiety agents, non-narcotic analgesics

Question 33

name schedule 5 drugs

Answer 33

Anti-diarrheal, cough medicines with small amount of codeine

Question 34

examples of OTC drugs

Answer 34

Anti-inflammatory drugs, anti-diarrheal drugs, herbal products, sunburn prevention & treatment, vitamin/mineral supplements, weight loss products, nicotine gum/patches, dandruff products, etc

Question 35

patient teaching about OTC drugs (6)

Answer 35

Take as prescribed, not more than directed (Especially acetaminophen) Seek care if symptoms don’t approve May interfere with other meds/treatments Risk for adverse reactions Tell provider about OTC and herbals May mask s/s of underlying disease

Question 36

define orphan drugs

Answer 36

Drugs discovered but aren’t profitable or have adverse effects

Question 37

what is the Orphan Drug Act of 1983?

Answer 37

funding incentives for companies to continue making drugs even though they won’t make money - beneficial for very small population with rare diseases