Chapter 2

Question 1

define pharmacodynamics

Answer 1

how drug affects body; interaction between chemical components of the living system & the foreign chemicals

Question 2

4 ways drugs work in body

Answer 2

Replace or substitute missing chemicals
Increase or stimulate certain cellular activities
Depress or slow cellular activities
Interfere with functioning of foreign cells

Question 3

define agonist

Answer 3

produces a greater maximal response than endogenous chemicals - reinforces response

Question 4

define partial agonist

Answer 4

produces weaker/less effective response

Question 5

define antagonist

Answer 5

inhibits response from original chemical - competes for binding sites of endogenous chemicals

Question 6

define selective toxicity

Answer 6

ability of a drug to affect only systems found in foreign cells without affecting human cells

Question 7

example of drugs c and s selective toxicity

Answer 7

antibiotics

chemotherapy

Question 8

define pharmacokinetics

Answer 8

way body deals with the drug

Question 9

4 main pharmacokinetic processes

Answer 9

absorption
distribution
metabolism/biotransformation
excretion

Question 10

examples of absorption sites of drug

Answer 10

enteral
parenteral
mucous membranes/topical
inhaled

Question 11

3 mechanisms of absorption

Answer 11

diffusion
active transport
filtration

Question 12

primary vehicle of distribution

Answer 12

blood

Question 13

factors affecting distribution

Answer 13

tissue perfusion
cold environment
protein bound drugs (makes it difficult for drugs to cross membranes)
blood brain barrier
drugs will readily cross placenta/breastmilk

Question 14

primary organ of metabolism of drugs

Answer 14

liver

Question 15

define drug metabolism

Answer 15

Breakdown of drugs to convert them to nontoxic substances - makes chemicals less active & more easily excreted

Question 16

define first pass effect

Answer 16

large percentage of many oral drugs are destroyed and rendered useless during first pass through liver - less of the functional drug makes it to target area

Question 17

define bioavailability

Answer 17

percentage of drug that reaches systemic circulation

Question 18

because of the first pass effect, _____ drugs may be given in higher dosages than _____ drugs

Answer 18

PO; IV

Question 19

example of drugs that do better avoiding the first pass effect i.e. need different absorption site

Answer 19

nitrate drugs

Question 20

primary organ of excretion

Answer 20

kidneys

Question 21

define critical concentration

Answer 21

amount of drug needed to cause therapeutic effect

Question 22

define therapeutic range

Answer 22

not too much to cause toxicity, not too little to have no therapeutic effect

Question 23

examples of drugs with small therapeutic range

Answer 23

vancomycin, lithium

Question 24

define loading dose and maintenance dose

Answer 24

higher dose than normally used to “boost” drug to therapeutic levels

once therapeutic levels reached, dose is reduced to maintenance level

Question 25

example of drug requiring a loading dose

Answer 25

heparin

Question 26

define peak & trough

Answer 26

highest plasma concentration of drug at certain time lowest plasma concentration

Question 27

trough measures...

Answer 27

rate of elimination

Question 28

trough blood sample needs to be drawn...

Answer 28

just before next dose

Question 29

define half-life

Answer 29

time it takes for amount of the drug to decrease by ½ of the peak level it previously achieved

Question 30

A patient takes 100 mg of a drug. 25 mg remains in the blood 6 hours after its peak. What is its half-life? How much will remain after 6 more hours?

Answer 30

3 hours 6.25 mg

Question 31

how will half-life be affected by liver failure?

Answer 31

increased

Question 32

which enteric drugs can't be crushed? why?

Answer 32

enteric-coated - stomach ulcers | sustained release - overdose

Question 33

routes of admin that introduce drugs directly to stomach

Answer 33

NG tube | gastrostomy

Question 34

sublingual/buccal drugs should not be...

Answer 34

chewed or swallowed

Question 35

example of sublingual drug

Answer 35

nitroglycerine

Question 36

4 types of topical drugs

Answer 36

dermatological preparations installation & irrigations inhalations transdermal patches

Question 37

installations & irrigations are applied to...

Answer 37

orfices - eyes, nose, ears, vagina, etc

Question 38

4 things to remember about transdermal patches

Answer 38

Rotate sites Clean site before & after Remove old patches before applying new patches Label patch with date, time, nurse initials

Question 39

where are ophthalmic drops dropped?

Answer 39

Drops into conjunctival sac of lower lid

Question 40

where are nasal drops dropped?

Answer 40

Superior concha of ethmoid bone

Question 41

adults vs children admin ear drops

Answer 41

adult - ear up and out | child - ear down and out

Question 42

2 things to remember about vaginal suppositories

Answer 42

have them stay in position for 8-10 minutes | offer sanitary pad

Question 43

position for rectal suppositories

Answer 43

side

Question 44

for rectal suppositories, apply _____ to finger and med

Answer 44

water soluble lubricant

Question 45

ID: | ___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; keep skin _____; bevel ____; ______ degree angle

Answer 45

1 mL; 27 gauge; 3/8 to 5/8 inch; skin taut; bevel up; 10-15 angle

Question 46

ID injections produce a...

Answer 46

wheal or bleb

Question 47

ID example

Answer 47

TB test

Question 48

SQ: | ___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; ______ degree angle; locations include ____

Answer 48

1-3 mL; 23-25 gauge; 1/2 to 5/8 inch; 90 angle if obese or thin; 45 angle if normal; abdomen, back of arm, behind clavicle, thigh

Question 49

SQ example

Answer 49

heparin, insulin

Question 50

IM: | ___ mL; ____ gauge; _____ inch; ______ degree angle; use ______ motion

Answer 50

1 mL deltoid, 2 mL ventrogluteal; 20-23 gauge; 1 to 1.5 inch; 90 angle; dart motion

Question 51

IM example

Answer 51

immunizations

Question 52

IV: | ____ gauge

Answer 52

16 gauge trauma patients | 18 gauge surgical patients

Question 53

difference between IV push, bolus, infusion

Answer 53

amount of fluid