Chapter 1

Question 1

Ecosystem

Answer 1

a group of populations along with abiotic factors that surround and affect them

Question 2

Biome

Answer 2

large regions that have similar abiotic an biotic components

Question 3

Biosphere

Answer 3

all areas on Earth (air, land, water) that are inhabited and supported by life

extends several km up and several km down (birds in sky and worms in soil)

Question 4

Individual Organism

Answer 4

Part of a particular species

Question 5

Population

Answer 5

a group of organisms living in an area (same species, same time, same place)

Question 6

Community

Answer 6

2 or more interacting populations

Question 7

Biosphere Hiarcheal Levels

Answer 7

organism
population
community
ecosystem
biome
biosphere

Question 8

How does energy enter and get stored in the biosphere

Answer 8

• chemosynthesis

- photosynthesis

Question 9

Photosynthesis

Answer 9

The suns light energy is used to convert carbon dioxide into carbon hydrates (glucose)

• energy source: solar energy
• byproduct: oxygen

Question 10

Chemosynthesis

Answer 10

Energy from nutrients is used to convert carbon dioxide into carbon hydrates (glucose) in absense of sunlight

• energy stored in bonds
• byproduct: sulfuric acid
• break hydrogen sulfide to absorb energy

Question 11

Cellular Respiration

Answer 11

-the process within cells where carbon hydrates are broken down to release energy
-occurs in mitochromia
-photosynthesis is opposite

Question 12

How does energy flow through the biosphere?

Answer 12

• continuous supply of energy in ecosystems

- energy moves in one way flow

Question 13

The first law of Thermodynamics

Answer 13

States that energy cannot be created or destroyed. It is converted from one form of energy to another

Question 14

Pyramid of Energy

Answer 14

• represents amount of energy available at each trophic level
• measured in KJ
• drop a 0 at each level

Question 15

Food Chain

Answer 15

• linked diagram that shows 1 set of feeding relationships
• not common in healthy ecosystems, organisms have more then 1 feeding relationship
• fragile

Question 16

Food Web

Answer 16

• A linked diagram that shows all feeding relationships in an ecosystem
• more common in healthy ecosystems

Question 17

Producer

Answer 17

An organism that produces their own food

-autortrophs

Question 18

Consumer

Answer 18

Consume organisms as a source of energy

• heterotrophs
• primary consumer
• secondary consumer
• triterary consumer
• decomposer

Question 19

What determines how species are distributed in a biome?

Answer 19

• abiotic factors

- range of toerence

Question 20

What determines the location of s biome?

Answer 20

• climate
• latitude (above equator)
• soil
• altitude (above sea level)

Question 21

Ecotones

Answer 21

area of transition between 2 biomes

Question 22

Tundra (Canadian North)

Answer 22

• temp: -45 to 5
• precipitation: low less then 25 cm/ yr cold dessert
• indicator plants:short grass, lichen, moss
• indicator animals: arctic fox, ptarmigan, caribou
• features: permafrost (constantly frozen subsoil prevents drainage)

Question 23

Temp Deciduous Forrest

Answer 23

• temp: -30 to 30
• precipitation: 75-180 cm /yr (wetest biome)
• plants: deciduous (broad) trees ex: maple, birch, oak
• animals:black bear, dear, woodpecker
• feature: layering of forest

Question 24

Boreal Forest

Answer 24

• temp: -40 to 15
• precipitation: 30 t0 85 cm/yr (mostly snow)
• plants:coniferous (needle) trees ex: spruce, fir
• animals: moose, red squirrel, ruffed grouse
• features: largest canadian biome, acidic soil

Question 25

Grasslands

Answer 25

- temp: -10 to 30 - precipitation: 20 to 60 cm/yr - plants: short grass, long grass, mixed grass - animals: buffalo, snakes, mice - features:richest soil due to high decomposition of grass, warm temps to decay grass, low rainfall so nutrients don't wash away

Question 26

Rivers

Answer 26

- contain flowing water | - amount of water, speed of water, amount of sediment are important abiotic factors

Question 27

Lakes & Ponds

Answer 27

- contain standing water 1. littoral zone: region along shore 2. limetic zone:region with deeper open water (some light, many fish) 3. benthic zone: region in and just below bottom (low light, worms and insects)

Question 28

Estuaries

Answer 28

- semi enclosed coastal ecosystems that are transitional between fresh and saltwater - change in salinity - high in nutrients (nurseries)

Question 29

Pelagic Zone (open water)

Answer 29

a) Neractic Zone: water over shelf - shallow, 100 to 200 m deep - warm, well lit, high nutrients, banks b) Oceanic Zone: beyond continental shelf - bathyal zone: 1000 to 4000 m deep low light 4 C - abyssal zone: 4000 to 6000 m deep no light 0 C

Question 30

Intertidal Zone

Answer 30

Region of shore between high tide and low tide 1. Upper intertidal: not underwater often splashed by water (algea) 2. Middle intertidal: submerged daily between high and low tides (mussels and starfish) 3. Lower intertidal: covered by water most of the time (sea weed, sea urchin)