Chapter 1

Question 1

worked with Rosalie Rayner

Answer 1

John B. Watson; established pschology as the study of behavior, performed a study that showed fear can be learned

Question 2

Mary Whiton Calkin

Answer 2

Mentored by William James; Denied psychology Ph.D from Harvard; became first women president for APA; famous for memory research

Question 3

William James

Answer 3

Teacher-writer; authored 1890 psychology text

Question 4

Wihelm Wundt

Answer 4

established first psychology labratory

Question 5

Margret Floy Washburn

Answer 5

First women to recieve a Ph.D in psychology; focused on animal behavior

Question 6

thinking that doesn’t blindly accept conclusions and arguments; examines, assesses, uncovers, weighs

Answer 6

Critical thinking

Question 7

Curiosity, Skepticism, Humility

Answer 7

The Scientific Attitude

Question 8

focused on the structure of the human mind

Answer 8

structuralism

Question 9

focused on how the mind funtions (promoted by James)

Answer 9

functionalism

Question 10

view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes

Answer 10

behavioralism

Question 11

important perspective that emphasized human growth potential

Answer 11

humanistic psychology

Question 12

study of mental processes-> when we percieve, learn, remember, think, communicate, and solve problems

Answer 12

cognative psychology

Question 13

science of behavior and mental processes

Answer 13

psychology

Question 14

study of the brain activity linked w/ mental activity -> perception, thinking, memory, language

Answer 14

cognitive neuroscience

Question 15

how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences

Answer 15

neuroscience

Question 16

how natural selection of traits passed down from one generation to the next promote the survival of genes

Answer 16

evolutionary

Question 17

how our genes and our environment influence our individual differences

Answer 17

behavior genetics

Question 18

how behavior springs from unconcious drives and conflicts

Answer 18

psychodynamic

Question 19

how we learn observable responses

Answer 19

behavioral

Question 20

how we encode, process, store, and retrieve memory

Answer 20

cognitive

Question 21

how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

Answer 21

social-cultural

Question 22

investigates our persistant traits

Answer 22

personality

Question 23

study and advise on work-place-related behavior and system and product designs

Answer 23

industrial-organization

Question 24

invest the psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that promote or impair our health

Answer 24

health psychologists

Question 25

study changing abilities from womb to tomb

Answer 25

developmental

Question 26

experiment w/ how we percieve, think, and solve problems

Answer 26

cognitive psychologists

Question 27

explore links b/w brain and mind

Answer 27

biological

Question 28

explore how we view and affect one another

Answer 28

social psychologists

Question 29

integrates these three levels of analysis- the biological, psychological, and social-culture

Answer 29

the biopsychosocial approach

Question 30

the shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes to the next

Answer 30

culture

Question 31

controversy over the relative influence of genes and experience in the development of psychological traits and behaviors

Answer 31

nature-nurture isssue

Question 32

the principle that our mind processes information at the same time on a concious and unconcious track ex: visual perception and visual action

Answer 32

dual processing

Question 33

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people w/ psychological disorders

Answer 33

clinical psychology

Question 34

a branch psychology that assists people w/ problems in living (often related to work, school, or relationships) and in achieving greater well-being

Answer 34

counseling psychology

Question 35

give and interpret tests, provide counseling and therapy to people w/ all levels of psychological difficulties, and undergo the same licensing exams

Answer 35

counseling and clinical psychologists

Question 36

a branch of medicine dealing w/ psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes procide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy

Answer 36

psychiatry

Question 37

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

Answer 37

community psychology

Question 38

work to create social and physical environments that are healthy

Answer 38

community psychologist

Question 39

scientific study of human flourishing w/ the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive

Answer 39

positive psychology

Question 40

hindsight bias, overconfidence, percieving patterns in random events

Answer 40

3 flaws in common sense thinking

Question 41

how psychologists ask and answer questions;Theory, hypotheses, operational definitions

Answer 41

scientific method

Question 42

explains behaviors or events by offering ideas that organize what we have observed

Answer 42

theory

Question 43

testable predictions; often implied by a theory; specifies what results would support the theory and what results would not

Answer 43

hypotheses

Question 44

what psychologists use when reporting their studies; precise measurable; specifcally worded statements of research procedures and concepts

Answer 44

operational definitions

Question 45

repeating the procedure/study to see if findings can be reproduced w/ different participants and situations

Answer 45

replication

Question 46

what psychologists use to publicly communicate their planned study design, hypotheses, data collection, and analysis

Answer 46

preregistration

Question 47

examined one individual or group in depth, in hopes of revealing things true for all

Answer 47

case study

Question 48

a discriptive technique of observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situstions w/o trying to change and control the situation

Answer 48

naturalistic observation

Question 49

looks at many cases, asking people to report their own behavior or opinions; usually by questioning a representative, random sample of that group

Answer 49

survey

Question 50

all those in a group being studied from which randon samples may be drawn

Answer 50

population

Question 51

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

Answer 51

random sample

Question 52

a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either one predicts the other

Answer 52

correlation

Question 53

mathematical expression of the relationship ranging fron -1.00 to 1.00 w/ 0 indicating no relationship

Answer 53

correlation coefficient

Question 54

negative correlation (0 to -1.00)

Answer 54

indicates an inverse relationship, as one increases, the other decreases

Question 55

positive correlation (0 to 1.00)

Answer 55

indicates a direct relationship; two things increase together or decrease together

Question 56

a method in which researchers vary one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect in some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable)

Answer 56

experiments

Question 57

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance; minimizes any preexisting differences between the two groups

Answer 57

random assignment

Question 58

group exposed to treatment (one version of independent variable)

Answer 58

experimental groups

Question 59

group not exposed to the treatment

Answer 59

control groups

Question 60

an inactive substance or condition that is sometimes given to those in a control group in place of treatment given to the experimental

Answer 60

placebo

Question 61

procedure in which both the participants and staff are ignorant (blind) about who has recieved the treatment or placebo

Answer 61

double-blind procedure

Question 62

just thinking you are getting the treatment can boost your spirits, relax your body, and relieve your symptoms; reducing pain, depression, anxiety, and in schizophrenia, sound-based hallucinations

Answer 62

the placebo effect

Question 63

manipulated variable; vary independently of other factors -> age, weight, personality

Answer 63

independent variable

Question 64

factor other than the factor being studied that might influence a study result

Answer 64

confounding variable

Question 65

factor that is measured; variable thet msy change when the independent variable is manipulated

Answer 65

dependent variable

Question 66

to observe and record behavior; case studies, surveys, naturalistic observation; no control over variables

Answer 66

naturalistic observational method

Question 67

naturally occuring relationships; one variable predicts the other; collect data on 2+ factors; no manipulation; cannot establish cause and effect

Answer 67

correlational method

Question 68

explore cause and effect; manipulate 1 or more factors; use random assignment; sometimes not possible for practical or ethical reasons

Answer 68

experimental method

Question 69

giving people enough information about a study to enable them to decide whether they wish to participate

Answer 69

informed consent

Question 70

explain the research afterward including any temporary deception.

Answer 70

debriefing

Question 71

ways to use psychology to improve your everyday life

Answer 71

Think-> think critically, examine sources and evidence Consider-> consider other voices and ideas. Engage w/ people who differ from you Improve-> use psychology’s evidence-based principles

Question 72

effective study methods

Answer 72

Testing effect -> enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than rereading information SQ3R

Question 73

SQ3R

Answer 73

Survey, Question, Read, Retrieve, Review

Question 74

personality theorist and therapist; controversial ideas influence human self-hnderstanding

Answer 74

Sigmund Frued

Question 75

behavioralist who rejected the idea of studying inner thoughts and feelings; believe we should study how consequences shape behavior

Answer 75

B.F. Skimmer

Question 76

martin seligman and other researchers who explore various aspects of human flourishing refer to their field study as _______ ________

Answer 76

positive psychology

Question 77

“nature works on what nature provides” describe what this means

Answer 77

the environment has an influence on us, but that influence is limited by our biology. Nature and Nurture interact.

Question 78

william james would be considered a ___

Answer 78

funtionalist

Question 79

wilhelm wundt would be considered a ____

Answer 79

stucturalist

Question 80

____ and his students measured the time lag between hearing a ball hit a platform and pressing a key

Answer 80

wilhelm wundt