Chapter 2

Question 1

brain is constantly changing, building new pathways as it adjusts to new experiences, neural change; strongest in childhood

Answer 1

plasticity

Question 2

brain center that processes spatial memories

Answer 2

hippocampus

Question 3

sound processing area; pianists have a larger-than-usual..

Answer 3

auditory cortex area

Question 4

building blocks that form our internal communications; “nerve cells”

Answer 4

neurons

Question 5

the part of the neuron that contains the nucleus; cells life support center

Answer 5

cellbody

Question 6

fibers attached to cell body, recieve and integrate information & conducts them to the cell body; neuron extensions that recoeve messages from other cells

Answer 6

dendrites

Question 7

sends out messages to other neurons or to muscles or glands

Answer 7

Axon

Question 8

messages the beurons carry are elecrtical signals, or nerve impulses; travel at different speeds down Axon

Answer 8

Action Potentials

Question 9

provide nutrients and Myelin; guide neutral connections and clean up after neurons send messages to one another ; have a role in processing information-> learning, thinking, and memory

Answer 9

Glial Cells

Question 10

layer of fatty tissue that insulates some neurons

Answer 10

myelin

Question 11

two neurons by a tiny synapic gap less than a millionth of an inch wide; where neurons meet, but the dendrites and axons don’t really touch

Answer 11

synapses

Question 12

when a neuron fires an action potential, it passes through….

Answer 12

dendrites -> cellbody -> Axon -> axon terminal branches, and back to dendrites

Question 13

most signals from other neurons are __________ -> pushing gas pedal, others are _________ -> pushing brake

Answer 13

1. excitatory (pushing gas) 2. inhibitory (pushing brake)

Question 14

threshold

Answer 14

the level stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse (action potential)

Question 15

a brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron has fired; action potentials that follow after cannot occur until axon has returned to its resting state; lasts a tiny fraction of a blink

Answer 15

refractory period

Question 16

impulses are converted to ________ messengers and cross through ______ _____ into recieving neurons receptor sites

Answer 16

chemical; synapse gap

Question 17

electrical impulses travel from dendrites towards cell body, through acon to the synapse gap

Answer 17

step 1

Question 18

when impulse (potential) reaches the end of the Axon (terminal), nervous sustem converts it into chemical messenger to go through synapse fap into the receptors on the recieving neuron

Answer 18

step 2

Question 19

excess neurotransmitters get absorbes or broken down by enzymes or drift away

Answer 19

step 3

Question 20

influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion; oversupply linked to Schizophrenia; undersupply linked to tremors and decreased mobility in Parkinsons disease

Answer 20

Dopamine

Question 21

affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; undersupply linked to depression

Answer 21

Serotonin

Question 22

helps control alertness and arousal ; undersupply can depress mood

Answer 22

Neropinephrine

Question 23

(GABA) a major i hibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply linked to seizures, tremors, insomnia

Answer 23

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid

Question 24

a major excitatory neurotransmitter ; i volved in memory; oversupply can overstimulater the brain, producing migraines

Answer 24

Glutamate

Question 25

enables muscle action, learning, and memory; ACh- producing neurons deteriorate w/ Alzheimers disease

Answer 25

Acetylchlorine

Question 26

neurotransmitters that influence the perception of pain or pleasure; oversupply w/ opiate drugs can supress the bodys natural _________ supply

Answer 26

Endorphins

Question 27

opiate drug that elevates mood and eases pain

Answer 27

morphine

Question 28

Seritonin, dopamine, and endorphines are all chemical messengers called _______________.

Answer 28

neurotransmitters

Question 29

the bodys speedy, electrochemical communication network, considting of all the nerve cells of the Central and Peripheral nervous systems

Answer 29

Nervous System

Question 30

brain and spinal cord

Answer 30

central nervous system

Question 31

two peripheral systems

Answer 31

autonomic and somatic

Question 32

two autonomic systems

Answer 32

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 33

two somatic systems

Answer 33

sensory input and motor output

Question 34

electrical cables formed from bundles of axons (link your central nervous system w/ your body’s sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

Answer 34

nerves