Chapter 1 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Organic Chemistry
The study of compounds containing carbon and hydrogen
Where are organic compounds obtained?
From living systems
Where are inorganic compounds obtained?
From non-living systems
Empirical formula
Lowest whole number ration of elements in a compound
Molecular Formula
The actual number of elements in a compound
Carbon
- Tetravalent: forms 4 bonds
- Can only form single, double, and triple bonds and branched systems
Oxygen
- Divalent: forms 2 bonds
- Can only form single bonds in a chain
Hydrogen
Monovalent: only forms one bond
Pauli’s exclusion principle
Only two electrons are allowed to occupy a single orbital and must have opposite spins
Aufbau principle
Each successive electron must fill the lowest orbital available
Hund’s Rule
Before the second electron can be paired in the same orbital, all other orbitals at the same energy must contain a single electron
Octet Rule
Eight electron equivalent in the outer shell of the atom
Ionic bonds
- Non-metal and metal bond
- No sharing of electrons
- Transfer of electrons
Covalent Bonds
- Nonmetal and nonmetal
- Sharing electrons
Electronegativity
Ability to attract and hold electrons
Ionization Energy
The amount of energy it takes to take one electron away from an atom
What part of a Lewis structure has the lowest electronegativity?
The central atom of a Lewis structure has the lowest electronegativity number
How many bonds can Carbon make?
Carbon can only make 4 bonds
C-C single bond
- Angle 109.5
- Tetrahedral
- Saturated
- 3-D
- Sigma bond
C=C, Double bond
- Angle 120
- Trigonal Planar
- Unsaturated
- 2-D
- Sigma & pi bond
C—C, Triple bond
- Angle 180
- Linear
- Unsaturated
- Sigma & 2 pi bonds
What bond is created when Halogens and Hydrogen first bond?
Sigma bond is the first bond created
What bond is formed second, after the initial sigma bond?
Pi bond is the bond created after the sigma bond
What is the equation for formal charge?
Valence electrons - the number of electrons after bonding = formal charge
