Chapter 1 Flashcards
_____ are highly organized and require a constant source of energy to maintain their ordered state
Cells
All organisms use the same same pathways and types of molecules, the four of which are:
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
The instructions for growth, reproduction and development are housed in the ____
DNA
When is the only time organisms are at equilibrium with their environment?
When they’re dead
What is the first law of thermodynamics?
The form energy takes can change, but energy itself cannot be created or lost
(the amount of energy in the universe is constant)
What is the second law of thermodynamics?
The universe is always moving towards a state of greater disorder
A reaction that requires energy is _____, while a reaction that expels energy is _____
Endergonic
Exergonic
Reactions with a _____ Delta G are thermodynamically favorable
Negative
Chemical coupling is used for ______. In the body, this is done with _____ because ____
Driving reactions that by themselves are thermodynamically unfavorable
Enzymes, they act like catalysts and lower the activation energy required to start the process
In DNA Adenine pairs with _____, and has ____ H bonds.
Guanine pairs with ______, and has ____ H bonds.
Thymine, 2
Cytosine, 3
DNA strands are arranged into _____, which are than transcribed by the _____ into _____, and are finally ______ into a supramolecular complex
Genes (units of information)
mRNA
folded
The unmutated version of DNA is called the _____, while the mutated strands are called mutants
Wild Type
Homologous genes are those that share _____. If they code for the same proteins then they are _____, but if they code for different proteins, they’re ____
Sequence similarities
Homologs
Paralogs
Although humans have many millions of nucleotide base pairs, we can only code for about _____ genes, which means a lot of genetic information is there for nothing
30,000
What is the RNA world hypothesis?
All genetic material came from primitive RNA that could copy itself, and that eventually evolved into more complex structures that were able to create DNA genomes
