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Biology > Chapter 1 - 1.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - 1.2 Flashcards

0
Q

Macromolecules are linked by

A

Covalent bonds

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1
Q

Many molecules composed of thousands of atoms are

A

Macromolecules

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2
Q

What are the four types of bio macromolecules

A

Carbohydrates
Nucleic acids
Proteins
Lipids

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3
Q

(CH2O)n is the general formula for

A

For carbohydrates, sugars and starches

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4
Q

Are carbohydrates usually polar?

A

Yes

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5
Q

Monosaccharides are simple sugars with how many C

A

3-7 C

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6
Q

Glucose, fructose and galactose are examples of

A

Monosaccharides

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7
Q

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structure are

A

Isomers

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8
Q

What is composed of a single C-based monomer structure

A

Monosaccharides

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9
Q

What is composed of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Disaccharides

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10
Q

Sucrose and lactose are examples of

A

Disaccharides

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11
Q

Carbohydrate polymers of monosaccharides joined covalently are

A

Polysaccharides

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12
Q

What are the three different arrangements of glucose

A

Glycogen
Starch
Cellulose

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13
Q

Glycogen, starch and cellulose all have different _____ and ______

A

Shapes / functions

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14
Q

Glycogen is glucose as stored by

A

Animals

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15
Q

Is glycogen easily broken down and why

A

Yes due to the number of branching side chains

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16
Q

Starch is glucose as stored by

A

Plants

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17
Q

Does starch have more or less branching side chains than glycogen

A

Fewer

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18
Q

Is starch broken down easily

A

Yes

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19
Q

What provides structural support in plant cell walls

A

Cellulose

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20
Q

What different positions can C-1 glucose exist in

A

Starch & glycogen - alpha

Cellulose - beta

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21
Q

What is alpha position

A

H
|
OH

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22
Q

What is beta position

A

OH
|
H

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23
Q

Which has more C & H: carbohydrates or lipids

A

Lipids

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24
Lipids are hydrophilic or hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
25
Do lipids dissolve in water
No
26
What is an efficient energy storing molecule
Lipids
27
Lipids used for energy storage are
Triglycerides
28
Triglycerides are made of what
1 glycerol molecule 3 fatty acid molecules Bonded by ester linkages
29
A hydrocarbon chain ending in a hydroxyl group is a
Fatty acid
30
A saturated fatty acid has how many double bonds of C atoms
No double bonds between C atoms
31
An unsaturated fatty acid has how many bonds between C atoms
One double bond (monounsaturated) | More than one double bond (polyunsaturated)
32
Monounsaturated means
One double bond
33
Polyunsaturated means
More than one double bond
34
Main component of cell membranes are
Phospholipids
35
In phospholipids a ______ group replaces the third fatty acid
Phosphate
36
The phosphate group attached to a R group of various atoms is (non-polar or polar) and (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)
Polar and hydrophilic
37
Two other lipids are
Steroids and waxes
38
Lipids composed of four attached C-based rings are
Steroids
39
Cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are
Steroids
40
Which is a component of animal cell membranes: cholesterol testosterone or estrogen
Cholesterol
41
Fatty material can accumulate inside blood vessels when what is in high levels
Cholesterol
42
What lipid is composed of long C-based chains
Waxes
43
What is solid at room temp and has diverse chemical structures
Waxes
44
Waxes can be produced by plants or animals?
Both
45
Proteins are biological macromolecules T/F
T
46
What is composed of amino acid monomers
Proteins
47
What type of bonds are proteins linked by
Covalent bonds
48
Amino acids are organic molecules composed of what
An amino group Carboxyl group Hydroxyl group A variable R group
49
What are functions of proteins
``` Catalyzing chemical rxns Providing structural support Transporting substances Enabling organisms to move Regulating cellular processes (hormones) Providing defence from disease (antibodies) ```
50
Amino acids joined by covalent bonds are called
Peptide bonds
51
Peptide bonds are a structure of
Proteins
52
Peptide bonds form between ______ group and one amino acid and one amino group
Carboxyl
53
Polymers composed of many amino acids linked by covalent bonds are
Polypeptides
54
How many polypeptides are proteins composed of
One or more
55
What are the levels of organization of proteins
Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
56
Linear sequence of amino acids is what level
Primary
57
Folding based on hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions is what level of organization
Tertiary
58
Multiple polypeptides joining more than one polymer chain of amino acids is what level of organization
Quaternary
59
H bonding contributes to alpha helix or beta pleated structure
Secondary
60
What two situation cause proteins to unfold
Extreme hot or cold | Exposure to certain chemicals
61
What is denaturation of proteins
Causes proteins to unfold
62
When does denaturation occur
R groups are disturbed and intermolecular bonds break
63
Deoxyribnucleic acid is
DNA
64
DNA contains the
Genetic info for a cell
65
Ribonucleic acid is
RNA
66
RNA assists the process of ______ DNA info into the ________ sequences of proteins
Decoding / amino acid
67
Nucleotides have 3 components covalently bonded
Phosphate group Sugar with 5 C atoms N-containing base
68
DNA and RNA have a backbone of alternating _____ groups and _____
Phosphate groups and sugars
69
Helix is the shape of
DNA
70
What helps the two strands of DNA stay together
H bond
71
How many h bonds occur between G and C base pairs of DNA
3 h bonds
72
How many h bonds occur between A and T base pairs of DNA
2 h bonds
73
How many strands is RNA
1

Biology (2 decks)

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