chapter 1

Question 1

the biosphere

Answer 1

consists of all life on Earth and all the places where life exists

Question 2

ecosystems

Answer 2

consists of all living things a particular area, along with all the nonliving components of the environment with which life interacts

Question 3

communities

Answer 3

array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystem

Question 4

populations

Answer 4

all of the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specific area

Question 5

cells

Answer 5

life’s fundamental unit of structure and function, performs all functions of life

Question 6

organelles

Answer 6

various functional components in cells (example: chloroplast)

Question 7

molecules

Answer 7

2 or more atoms make a molecule (example: chlorophyll)

Question 8

reductionism

Answer 8

approach of reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study

Question 9

emergent properties

Answer 9

novel properties emerge that are absent from the preceding one, due to arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases

Question 10

systems biology

Answer 10

exploration of a biological system by analyzing the interactions among its parts

Question 11

eukaryotic cell

Answer 11

contains membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 12

prokaryotic cell

Answer 12

lacks a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles

Question 13

two main groups of prokaryotic cells (single-celled microorganisms)

Answer 13

bacterium/bacteria and archean/archaean

Question 14

genes

Answer 14

each DNA contains hundreds or thousands, encode information necessary to build all the molecules synthesizes within a cell

Question 15

genes and protein building

Answer 15

genes control protein production using RNA as intermediary

Question 16

gene expression

Answer 16

manufacture of cellular product
sequence of nucleotides along a gene is transcribed into RNA->translated into a specific protein with a unique shape and function

Question 17

genome

Answer 17

“library” of genetic instructions that an organism inherits

Question 18

evolution

Answer 18

the idea that the organisms living on Earth today are the modified descendants of common ancestors

Question 19

scientific explanation for unity and diversity

Answer 19

evolution

Question 20

Three so-called domains

Answer 20

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 21

Three kingdoms of eukaryotes

Answer 21

plantae, fungi, and animalia

Question 22

Plantae (Plants)

Answer 22

produce their own sugars and other food molecules by photosynthesis

Question 23

Fungi

Answer 23

absorb dissolved nutrients from their surroundings

Question 24

Animalia (Animals)

Answer 24

obtain food by eating and digesting other organisms

Question 25

Two main points in Origin of Species

Answer 25

1. "descent with modification" 2. "natural selection" is a mechanism for descent with modification

Question 26

"descent with modification"

Answer 26

species have arisen from a succession of ancestors that differed from them

Question 27

natural selection

Answer 27

mechanism of evolutionary adaptation

Question 28

tree of life

Answer 28

exemplifies Darwinian concept (like family tree) - descent with modification, species could gradually radiate into multiple species as the geographically isolated populations adapted

Question 29

science

Answer 29

way of knowing- approach to understanding the natural world

Question 30

data

Answer 30

recorded observations

Question 31

qualitative data

Answer 31

recorded descriptions

Question 32

quantitative data

Answer 32

numerical measurements

Question 33

hypothesis

Answer 33

tentative answer to well-framed question; explanation on trial

Question 34

deductive reasoning

Answer 34

type of logic that flows in the opposite direction, from general to specific

Question 35

controlled experiment

Answer 35

one that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

Question 36

how is a theory different from a hypothesis

Answer 36

-theory is general enough to spin off many new, testable hypotheses -compared to any one hypothesis, a theory is generally supported by a much greater body of evidence

Question 37

organisms

Answer 37

each individual living thing

Question 38

organ and organ systems

Answer 38

organ is a body part that carries out a particular function in the body (organs of complex organisms organize into organ systems)

Question 39

tissues

Answer 39

group of cells that work together that perform a specific function

Question 40

DNA

Answer 40

deoxyribonucleic acid - inside chromosomes and contain genetic material

Question 41

bioinformatics

Answer 41

use of computational tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data that results from high-throughput methods

Question 42

inquiry

Answer 42

search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

Question 43

inductive reasoning

Answer 43

type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations

Question 44

theory

Answer 44

much broader in scope than a hypothesis