Chapter 1

Question 1

Observation Unit

Answer 1

An object on which a measurement is taken

Question 2

Target Population

Answer 2

The complete collection of elements we want to study

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

Subset of the population

Question 4

Sampled population

Answer 4

Collection of all possible observation units that might have been chosen in a sample

Question 5

Sampling unit

Answer 5

Unit that can be selected for a sample

Question 6

Sampling Frame

Answer 6

A list of sampling units

Question 7

Bias

Answer 7

Systematic error in sampling

Question 8

Selection bias

Answer 8

Occurs when the target population doesn’t coincide with the sampled population
OR
When some population units are sampled at a different rate than intended by the investigator

Question 9

Selection bias examples (6)

Answer 9

Judgement
Convenience
Self-selected sample
Under-coverage
Over-coverage
Non-response

Question 10

Questionnaire Design (9)

Answer 10

Test the questions before taking the survey

Keep it simple and clear

Define your terms

Relate your questions to the concept of interest

Decide whether to use open or closed questions

Pay attention to response option scales

Avoid double negatives

Ask only one concept per question

Attention to question order (sensitive questions at end)

Question 11

Sampling Errors

Answer 11

Margin of error

Question 12

Non-sampling Errors

Answer 12

Selection Bias
Measurement Error

Question 12

Non-sampling Errors

Answer 12

Selection Bias
Measurement Error

Question 13

Convenience Bias

Answer 13

sample easy, convienent

Question 14

Judgment Bias

Answer 14

guessing by estimation
Interpreting ambiguity

Question 15

Self-selection Bias

Answer 15

Individuals that choose to answer are part of sample

Question 16

Under-coverage

Answer 16

doesn’t include all observation units

Question 17

Over coverage

Answer 17

include some not in sample

Question 18

Non-response

Answer 18

When not all in sample respond

Question 19

Assumptions of Simple Probability Samples

Answer 19

Sampled population same as target population

Sampling frame is complete

No non-response or missing data

No measurement error

Question 20

Systematic Sampling what is K

Answer 20

N/n
This is the pattern at which values are chosen from the sample

Question 21

Why do we choose a stratified sample?

Answer 21

Want to be protected from the possibility of a really bad sample

Want data of known precision from subgroups of the population

May be more convenient to administer and result in lower cost for survey

Often gives more precise (lower variance) for population means

Question 22

When constructing strata we want?

Answer 22

Statum means to be as different as possible

Variation within strata is small compared to the variability of the population