Chapter 1 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Who is Edward Jenner and his significance in immuno?
A
the guy who discovered and tested out protection against disease
he was 1st person to try cowpox vaccine that was meant to protect against smallpox
2
Q
Adaptive immunity is VERY specific and has __________
A
memory
3
Q
innate immunity is considered __________ immunity and has no memory
A
nonspecific
4
Q
Where are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) born?
A
in the bone marrow
5
Q
Why are pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) cool/special?
A
-can differentiate
-have self-renewal properties
-all other immune cells are born from these stem cells
6
Q
What are the 2 main progenitor cells that pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (Hsc) makes?
A
common lymphoid progenitor and common myeloid progenitor
7
Q
lymphoid progenitor cells can differentiate into what cells?
A
-B cells
-T cells
-NK cell
-ILC
-immature dendritic cells
8
Q
The myeloid progenitor cell can differentiate into an immature dendritic cell just like the lymphoid progenitor cell. It can also differentiate into more progenitor cells. List them
A
-granulocyte/macrophage progenitor which will differentiate into granulocytes or macrophages
-megakaryocyte/erythrocyte progenitor which will differentiate into platelets and erythrocytes (RBCs)
9
Q
What are granulocytes?
A
WBCs, cells with granules
-neutrophils
-eosinophils
-basophils
10
Q
Myeloid progenitor cells are mainly innate or adaptive?
A
innate
11
Q
Lymphoid progenitor cells are mainly innate or adaptive?
A
adaptive
12
Q
Macrophages are a part of which immune system?
A
both
13
Q
Mast cells come from the _________ progenitor side
A
myeloid
14
Q
B cells make……
A
antibodies
15
Q
What are the 2 types of T cells?
A
T helper and cytotoxic T cells
16
Q
Macrophages are known for what?
A
engulfing foreign objects/cells and destroying it
17
Q
Viruses always _________ another cell. Why?
A
acquires
because viruses rely on the genetic info from live host
18
Q
Viruses cannot get into which cell? Why?
A
RBCs because they don’t have any genetic DNA
19
Q
If viruses cannot get into RBCs, can bacteria?
A
yes! they are an exception
20
Q
Platelets ensure what?
A
that blood will clot and trap microorganisms in the immune system
21
Q
Which immune cell is usually the first line of defense?
A
neutrophils
22
Q
basophils participate in __________ reactions
A
allergic
23
Q
Eosinophils help with what?
A
killing parasites/worms
24
Q
What cell has granules but is not considered a granulocyte?
A
mast cells
25
Commensal organisms causes little or no host damage whereas __________ damage host tissues
pathogens
26
What is the first line of defense against pathogens?
anatomic and chemical barriers
27
There are 3 strategies hosts use to deal with foreign invaders. What are they?
1) Avoidance (mediated by anatomical/chemical barriers)
2) Resistance (host has cellular mechanisms in place to resist pathogens)
3) Tolerance (immunological tolerance, prevent an immune response from being mounted)
28
What are the anatomic barriers?
hint: there's 4 things
-skin
-oral mucosa
-respiratory epithelium
-intestine
29
What are the important complement/antimicrobial proteins for chemical defense?
C3, defensins, and Reg3
30
What are the important innate immune cells that help anatomic and chemical barriers? Where are they found?
-macrophages
-granulocytes
-NK cells
-found in blood + lymph
31
What are the adaptive immunity cells that are important for anatomic and chemical barriers?
B cells/antibodies and T cells with their memory!
32
The immune system is activated by inflammatory __________ that indicate the presence of pathogens or tissue damage.
inducers
33
Innate immunity has inflammatory inducers that trigger the immune system to attack. What are some examples of these inflammatory inducers?
-bacterial lipopolysaccharides
-ATP
-urate crystals
34
What are the sensor cells in innate immunity that are activated by inflammatory inducers?
-macrophages
-neutrophils
-dendritic cells
35
What are the mediators of innate immunity?
cytokines/cytotoxicity
36
Innate immune response triggers inflammation, complement activation, phagocytosis, and destruction of pathogen. This can take anywhere from _________ to _______ to respond
minutes to days
37
Adaptive immune response triggers B and T cells and a number of other things. This response time can be anywhere from _________ to __________
hours to weeks
38
Immunological memory takes days to weeks to respond. Their duration of response can be.....
lifelong
39
The myeloid lineage comprises most of the cells of the ________ immune system.
innate
40
List all of the cells of innate immunity
-Macrophages
-Granulocytes (WBC such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
-Mast cells
-Dendritic cells
41
Where can you find macrophages?
in almost all tissues, it circulates in the blood
42
Are macrophages short lived or long lived?
long lived
43
What are the 2 main functions of macrophages?
-phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
-antigen presentation
44
What are the 2 main functions of dendritic cells?
-antigen uptake in peripheral sites
-antigen presentation
45
Which immune cells are the most numerous and the 1st ones to show up with an invader?
neutrophils
46
What are the 2 main functions of neutrophils?
-phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
-targeting a vast variety of microbes
47
What granulocytes are less abundant than neutrophils?
eosinophils and basophils
48
What are the main functions of eosinophils and basophils?
-defend against parasites too large for macrophages and neutrophils
-respond to allergic reactions
49
What's the main difference between eosinophil and basophil?
eosinophil= killing of antibody-coated parasites
basophil= promotion of allergic response and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity
50
What are the 2 main functions of mast cells?
-release of granules containing histamine and active agents
-protect internal surfaces
51
_____________ cells migrate as immature from the bone marrow and mature in the skin, intestine, and airway mucosa
mast
52
What are the roots of "antigen"
antigen
anti= antibody
gen= generator
53
Sensor cells express _____________________ that provide an initial discrimination between self and nonself.
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
54
What are the 2 types of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
-toll-like receptors (TLRs, on the external surface)
-nod-like receptors (NLRs, in the cytoplasm)
55
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize what?
Hint: 7 things
-pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMPs)
-danger (DAMPs)
-microbe (MAMPs)
-mannose rich regions
-peptidoglycan
-LPS
-unmethylated DNA
56
Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as...
chemokines and cytokines
57
Sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing mediators such as chemokines and cytokines. Explain this process
1) bacteria triggers macrophages to release cytokines and chemokines
2) vasodilation and increased permeability causes redness, heat, and swelling (bc of increased blood flow)
3) inflammatory cells migrate into tissue, releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
58
What is the difference between cytokines and chemokines?
cytokines travel short distances, chemokines travel long distances
59
Innate lymphocytes and natural killer cells are ___________ cells that come from the common lymphoid progenitor cell (nonspecific)
effector
60
Innate lymphoid progenitor cells (ILCs) reside where?
in peripheral tissues like the intestine
61
NK cells are nonspecific and play an important role in ___________ infections
viral
62
Describe appearance of NK cells
large, granular, and lymphoid like
63
Do Nk cells have antigen specificity?
no
64
What is the main function of NK cells?
release lytic granules that kill some virus infected cells
65
The interaction of antigens with antigen receptors induces lymphocytes to acquire effectors and
generate….
immunological memory
66
antigen presenting cells (APCs) present to who?
T cells
67
B cells have B cell receptors (BCRs) that have to _____ into the antigen. The signal will tell B cells to do what?
bump
make antibodies
68
Are antibodies specific?
YES very specific against the antigen
69
What does a BCR look like?
70
What does a TCR look like?
71
What does a cytotoxic T cell do?
destroy infected cell
72
What does T helper cell do?
helps cytotoxic T cell and B cell
It will release cytokines which will tell the B cells to produce antibodies
73
T cells have a TCR on the surface, however T cells cannot just bump into a free-floating antigen like the B cells can. What needs to happen here?
antigen must be presented through APCs
then the T cell will see if it can bind to antigen and recognition signal will trigger T cell to do whatever it needs to get rid of invader
74
Antibodies can bind to free-floating antigens, specifically on the __________
epitope
75
APCs have MHC that will load the antigen onto the TCR. Does TCR recognize the entire antigen?
no, only recognizes a small portion (epitope)
76
The epitopes recognized by TCRs are often buried. What needs to happen here?
1) the antigen must first be broken down into peptide fragments
2) the epitope binds to a self molecule (MHC molecule)
3) the TCR binds to a complex of MHC molecule and epitope peptide
77
What are the APCs?
macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells
78
Antigen-receptor genes are assembled
by ________ gene rearrangements of
incomplete receptor gene segments.
somatic
79
Lymphocytes activated by antigen
give rise to _________ of antigen-specific
effector cells that mediate adaptive
immunity.
clones
80
A single progenitor cell gives rise to a large number of lymphocytes, each with a different specificity. What happens after?
81
What are the postulates of the clonal selection hypothesis?
82
What are the processes that can prevent lymphocytes from recognizing self antigens?
-clonal deletion
-apoptosis
-anergy (inactive state, cannot divide anymore)
83
________________ arise from stem cells in bone marrow and differentiate into central lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes
84
Are lymphocytes activated by an antigen?
yes
85
Adaptive immune responses are initiated by antigen and antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissues. Describe this process
1) immature dendritic cells reside in peripheral tissues
2) dendritic cells migrate via lymphatic vessels to regional lymph nodes
3) mature dendritic cells activate naive T cells to lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes
86
What is another name for dendritic cells?
sentinel cells because they "look out" for invaders
87
____________ cells are the bridge between innate and adaptive immunity. They are also usually one of the first ones to communicate with adaptive immunity
dendritic
(also note that they are helpful with this because they hangout in mucus membranes)
88
Dendritic cells can do __________ _____________ secretion
costimulatory molecule
89
Dendritic TLR bumps into the invader and can send signal through signal transduction. This will spit out _____________ and travel to call other cells to help- starting with innate immunity and then adaptive with MHC
cytokines
90
Lymphocytes and lymph return to blood via the ____________ __________
thoracic duct
91
Naive lymphocytes enter lymph nodes from the....
blood
92
Antigens from sites of infection reach lymph nodes via....
lymphatics
93
____________ surfaces have specialized immune structures that orchestrate responses to environmental microbial encounters
Mucosal
94
Peyer's patches are covered by epithelial layer containing specialized cells called __ cells, which have characteristic membrane ruffles. What other cells are also monitoring this region?
M
dendritic
95
Peyer's patches are covered by epithelial layer containing specialized cells called M cells, which have characteristic membrane ruffles. What cells drain into here? What's so important about this spot?
draining T and B cells
prime spot for immunity, BUT also prime spot for invader to breach area
excessive immune reaction can also happen here because of:
-IBS/IBD, crohn's, etc.
96
Lymphocytes activated by antigen proliferate in the peripheral lymphoid organs are generating effector cells and immunological memory. What does this look like?
97
The immune system protects against 4 classes of pathogens. What are they?
1) viruses (intracellular)
2) intracellular bacteria, protozoa, parasites
3) extracellular bacteria, parasites, fungi
4) parasitic worms (extracellular)
98
Cytotoxicity occurs with which cells? What is the function of cytotoxicity?
NK cells and CD8 T cells
elimination of virally infected and metabolically stressed cells
99
Type 1 intracellular immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 1 intracellular immunity ?
ILC1 and T helper 1 cells
functions:
-elimination of intracellular pathogens
-activation of macrophages
100
Type 2 mucosal and barrier immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 2 mucosal and barrier immunity?
ILC2 and T helper 2 cells
functions:
-elimination and expulsion of parasites
-recruitment of eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
101
Type 3 extracellular immunity involves which cells? What is the function of Type 3 extracellular immunity?
ILC3 and T helper cells
functions:
-elimination of extracellular bacteria and fungi
-recruitment and activation of neutrophils
102
Antibodies protect against extracellular pathogens and their_______ products.
toxic
103
Immunity mediated by antibodies is ________ immunity
Humoral
104
How many classes are there of antibodies?
5
105
What are the 3 functions of humoral immunity?
1) protect by binding to pathogen/products and neutralizing them (blocking their access to cells, making them nonfunctional by altering shape)
2) OR by opsonization (coating/"tagging" bacteria, Fc receptors of phagocytes bind and destroy)
3) Complement activation (complement proteins are in blood and the goal of them is to release/initiate inflammatory response)
106
What is the end goal of neutralization, opsonization, and complement activation?
107
T cells orchestrate cell-mediated immunity and regulate _______ responses to most antigens
B-cell
108
Cytotoxic T cells are recognized by what MHC class?
MHC class 1
109
Helper T cells are recognized by which MHC class?
MHC class 2
110
What is the difference between MHC class 1 and 2 in terms of structure?
111
T cells orchestrate cell-mediated immunity and regulate B-cell responses to most antigens. Describe this process
1) virus infects cell
2) viral proteins/antigen synthesized in cytosol
3) peptide fragments of viral proteins bound by MHC class 1 in ER
4) bound peptides transported by MHC class 1 to the cell surface
112
Which T cell recognizes complex of viral peptides with MHC class 1 and kills infected cells?
cytotoxic T cell
113
Which T cell recognizes complex of bacterial peptides with MHC class 2 and activates macrophages?
T helper 1 cells
114
What's the difference between a resting infected macrophage and an activated infected macrophage?
resting macrophage= mycobacterium stays
activated infected macrophage= lysosome fuses and kills bacteria
115
What is the most effective means of controlling infectious diseases?
vax
