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Immuno > Chapter 9 (exam 2) > Flashcards

Chapter 9 (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

T cells are always generated in which form?

A

naive form (inactive form)

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2
Q

T cells develop in the ________ and then enter the bloodstream

A

thymus

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3
Q

Once T cells reach a secondary lymphoid organ, they leave the bloodstream and migrate through lymphoid tissue, returning via……

A

lymphatics to blood

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4
Q

Mature circulating T cells who have not encountered antigens are called what?

A

naive T cells

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5
Q

Once T cells encounter antigen w/ MHC, then they proliferate and differentiate into cells called what?

A

effector T cells

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6
Q

Adaptive immune responses are initiated where?

A

in the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph nodes, MALTs (Peyer’s patch in the gut)

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7
Q

T and B cells are partitioned into distinct _________ of secondary lymphoid tissues by the action of chemokines

A

regions

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8
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues are specialized sites where antigen and _______________ interact

A

lymphocytes

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9
Q

Lymph nodes can have no antigen present (antigen free) or have antigen cargo on what cells?

A

dendritic cells

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10
Q

The antigen on dendritic cells will be delivered to where?

A

B and T cell zones (all secondary lymphoid organs have seperated B cell zones and T cell zones)

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11
Q

B and T cells enter from where when coming into a lymph node?

A

HEV (high endothelial venules)

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12
Q

The spleen will receive the antigen via arterioles which branch from central arteriole to the _________ _______

A

marginal sinus

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13
Q

In the marginal zone of the spleen, the antigen is taken by APC to T cell zones or B cell _________

A

follicles

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14
Q

In the Peyer’s patch of the small intestine, the antigen goes from the lumen via _______________ cells to dendritic cells in the subepithelial region

A

microfold (M)

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15
Q

Stromal cells and high endothelial venules (HEVs) secrete CCL21. What happens next?

A

-macrophages or dendritic cells express a receptor for CCL21 and migrate into the developing lymph node
-dendritic cells secrete CCL19, which attracts T cells to the developing lymph node
-B cells are initially attracted into the developing lymph node by the same chemokines
-B cells induce the differentiation of follicular dendritic cells, which in turn secrete the chemokine CXCL13 to attract more B cells

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16
Q

Circulating B and T cells come to secondary organs by common route. Then they move into distinct regions under the control of ______________

A

chemokines

17
Q

stromal cells and bone marrow derived cells in B/T cell zone produce cytokines. Which one?

A

CCL21

18
Q

Dendritic cells have a receptor for CCL21. Dendritic cells migrate. Then they secrete _______. What does this attract?

A

CCL19

attracts B and T cells

19
Q

How do the APCs differ in terms of location?

A

macrophages are typically in more specific tissue areas (lymphoid tissue, connective tissue, body cavities)

dendritic cells are ubiquitous (everywhere)

B cells are in lymphoid areas and can go into blood (another distinction is that they don’t engulf like the other two)

20
Q

Dendritic cells see antigens w/ TLRs on their surface, bump into it and bring it in through phagocytosis, engulf and process it to load onto…

A

MHC

21
Q

Conventional dendritic cells present in abundance at ________ ________ sites. In the absence of infection or tissue injury, they have low levels of costimulatory molecules so they are not capable of activating naive T cells. Once they seen antigen, they pick it up, process it, and present it

A

barrier tissue

22
Q

Mature conventional dendritic cells activate ________ cells. So, there is a role in adaptive immune response

A

naive T

23
Q

Plasmacytoid cells are sentinels for _______ infections and secrete large amounts of ________ interferons.

A

viral, class 1

24
Q

T/F: Plasmacytoid cells are just as effective as conventional dendritic cells in activating T cells

A

FALSE, not as efficient

25
Q

Plasmacytoid cells play a role in _________ immune response. They may help conventional dendritic cells sustain production of ________ which asks T cells to make IFN-gamma

A

innate, IL12

26
Q

Conventional dendritic cells work to activate ______ cell

A

T

27
Q

What does an up-regulation of CCR7 indicate?

A

indication for macrophage to move from current location to another (migratory macrophage)

if theres no up-regulation then the macrophage will stay put as a tissue resident macrophage

28
Q

Which type of dendritic cells can activate T cell?

A

conventional cell

29
Q

Which type of dendritic cells detects viral infections and sends alerts w/ large amounts of IFN-gamma?

A

Plasmacytoid cells

30
Q

Dendritic cells arise from myeloid progenitor cells within the BM and migrate via blood to tissues throughout the body or to…..

A

secondary lymphoid organs

31
Q

Conventional dendritic cells are activated through stages to become activated ________ in peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

APCs

32
Q

Conventional dendritic cell pathway-

Entry to tissue is based on chemokine receptor they access. Tissue resident DCs are phagocytic via receptors such as ________________________. At the site of infection, TLR signaling causes them to get activated. There is an induction of CCR7. Cells expressing this are sensitive to ________ and __________ produced by lymphoid tissue. CCR7 forces migration of DC to lymphoid tissue. Costimulatory molecule B7 made and MHC expressed. By the time they arrive to the lymph node, they are activators of naive T cells, present antigen, no more phagocytosis

A

Dectin, DC-SIGN, and Langerin

CCL19, CCL21

33
Q

Once dendritic cells arrive and are in the process of presenting to a T cell, then they lose the ability to undergo phagocytosis with the antigen. Why?

A

bc now their only job function is to present to the T cell

34
Q

Macrophages are _____________ cells that can be induced by pathogens to present foreign antigens to naive T cells

A

scavenger

35
Q

Resting macrophages have few or no _________ and no _____. Expression of both induced following ingestion or recognition of pathogen

A

MHC class II, B7

36
Q

Tissue resident macrophages are non-migratory and don’t go to ___________ zones. Macrophages in lymphoid organs (lymph node, marginal sinus) don’t activate T cells, their function is to ingest foreign agents

A

T cell

37
Q

How are antigens taken up with DCs?

A

macropinocytosis and phagocytosis by tissue DCs

38
Q

How are antigens taken up by macrophages?

A

macropinocytosis and phagocytosis

39
Q

Macrophages and B cells present antigen primarily to receive help from ____________ T cells in the from of cytokines or surface molecules

A

effector

Immuno (7 decks)

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