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Lifespan Development > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychology

A

Scientific study of ways in which people change, as well as stay the same, from conception to death

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2
Q

What is developmental psychology also referred to as?

A
  • Human development
  • Lifespan development
  • Developmental science
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3
Q

What was the previous message that developmental psychology focused on?

A

Originally focused on infants and children; once you turn 25, your development is essentially done

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4
Q

What are some applied fields in psychology that relate to developmental psychology?

A
  • Educational psychology
  • Psychopathology
  • Forensic developmental psychology
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5
Q

Developmental psychology complements with which basic research fields in psychology?

A
  • Social psychology
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Comparative psychology
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6
Q

What fields outside of psychology that draw on the theories from developmental psychology?

A
  • Biology
  • Sociology
  • Healthcare
  • Nutrition
  • Anthropology
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7
Q

What are the underlying principles of the lifespan perspective?

A
  • Development is lifelong
  • Development is multi-directional
  • Development is multi-dimensional
  • Development is multi-disciplinary
  • Development is characterized by plasticity
  • Development is multi-contextual
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8
Q

True or False: Humans change in many directions as we may show gains in some areas of development, while showing losses in other areas

A

True

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9
Q

True or False: There are some age periods that are more crucial, characterizes, and dominates human development

A

False: No single age period is more crucial, characterizes, or dominates human development

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10
Q

What are the three general domains/dimensions of development?

A
  • Physical
  • Cognitive
  • Psychosocial
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11
Q

Physical Domain

A

Changes in height and weight, sensory capabilities, the nervous system, as well as the propensity for disease and illness

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12
Q

Cognitive Domain

A

Changes in intelligence, wisdom, perception, problem-solving, memory, and language

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13
Q

Psychosocial Domain

A

Changes in emotion, self-perception and interpersonal relationships with families, peers, and friends

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14
Q

Plasticity

A

Our ability to change and that many of our characteristics are malleable

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15
Q

What are the three specific contextual influences?

A
  • Normative age-graded influences
  • Normative history-graded influences
  • Non-normative life influences
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16
Q

Age-Grade

A

A specific age group, such as toddler, adolescent, or senior

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17
Q

Cohort

A

A group of people who are born at roughly the same period in a particular society

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18
Q

Normative History-Graded Influences

A

Time period in which you’re born shapes your experiences

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19
Q

Non-Normative Life Influences

A

Despite sharing an age and history with our peers,
each of us also has unique experiences that may shape our development

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20
Q

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

A

A way to identify families and households based on their shared levels of education, income, and occupation

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21
Q

True or False: all of us born into a class system are socially located, and we may move up or down depending on a combination of both socially and individually created limits and opportunities

A

True

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22
Q

Poverty Level

A

An income amount established by the federal government that is based on a set of income thresholds that vary by family size

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23
Q

Culture

A

The totality of our shared language, knowledge, material objects, and behavior

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24
Q

How is culture learned?

A
  • Parents
  • Schools
  • Houses of worship
  • Media
  • Friends and others throughout a lifetime
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25
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief that our own culture is superior

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26
Q

Cultural Relativity

A

An appreciation for cultural differences and the understanding that cultural practices are best understood from the standpoint of that particular culture

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27
Q

True or False: culture is a somewhat important context for human development and you don’t need to be able to identify culturally based features of development

A

False: culture is an extremely important context for human development and understanding development requires being able to identify which features of development are culturally based

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28
Q

Lifespan

A

Refers to the length of time a species can exist under the most optimal conditions

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29
Q

What is lifespan also referred to as?

A

Longevity

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30
Q

Life Expectancy

A

The predicted number of years a person born in a
particular time period can reasonably expect to live

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31
Q

Chronological Age

A

Based on the number of years since your birth

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32
Q

Biological Age

A

How quickly the body is aging

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33
Q

Psychological Age

A

Our psychologically adaptive capacity compared to others of our chronological age

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34
Q

Social Age

A

Based on the social norms of our culture and the expectations our culture has for people of our age group

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35
Q

What is the age range of the prenatal period?

A

From conception to birth

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36
Q

What is the age range of infancy/toddlerhood?

A

From birth to 2 years old

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37
Q

What is the age range of early childhood?

A

2-6 years old

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38
Q

What is the age range of middle/late childhood?

A

From 6 years old to the onset of puberty

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39
Q

What is the age range of adolescence?

A

From the onset of puberty until 18 years old

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40
Q

What is the age range of emerging adulthood?

A

18-25 years old

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41
Q

What is the age range of early adulthood?

A

25 to ~40-45 years old

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42
Q

What is the age range of middle adulthood?

A

~40-45 to 65 years old

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43
Q

What is the age range of late adulthood?

A

65 years old and up

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44
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental factors that can lead to birth defects

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45
Q

Early childhood is also referred to as?

A

Preschool years

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46
Q

Puberty

A

A period of dramatic physical change marked by an overall growth spurt and sexual maturation

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47
Q

What is the age range of young-old?

A

65-84 years old

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48
Q

What is the age range of oldest-old?

A

85 years old and up

49
Q

What is the nature argument for development?

A

Nature would argue that heredity plays the most important role in bringing about that feature

50
Q

What is the nurture argument for development?

A

Nurture would argue that one’s environment is
most significant in shaping the way we are

51
Q

Stage Theories/Discontinuous Development

A

Assume that developmental change often occurs in distinct stages that are qualitatively different from each other, and in a set, universal sequence

52
Q

Continuous Development

A

Assume development is a more slow and gradual process

53
Q

Preformationism

A

The belief that a tiny, fully formed human is implanted in the sperm or egg at conception and then grows in size until birth

54
Q

What was John Locke’s theory on development?

A

Proposed that children are largely shaped by their social environments, especially their education as adults teach them important knowledge

55
Q

Tabula Rasa

A

Blank slate

56
Q

What was Jean-Jacques Rosseau’s theory on development?

A

Instead developed according to a natural plan which unfolded in different stages; did not believe in teaching them the correct way to think, but believed children should be allowed to think by
themselves according to their own ways and an inner, biological timetable

57
Q

What was Arnold Gessell’s theory on development?

A

Gesell believed that the child’s development was activated by genes and he called this process maturation

58
Q

What was Freud’s theory on development?

A
  • Emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our personality and behavior
  • In our natural state, we are biological
    beings and are driven primarily by instincts
  • During childhood, however, we begin to become social beings as we learn how to manage our instincts and transform them into socially acceptable behaviors
59
Q

Psychosocial Crises

A

Each period of life has a unique challenge or
crisis that the person who reaches it must face

60
Q

Which contemporary theory of development includes psychosocial crises?

A

Erikson’s Psychosocial Crises

61
Q

Trust vs. Mistrust is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

Birth to ~12-18 months

62
Q

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

18 months to 3 years old

63
Q

Initiative vs. Guilt is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

3-6 years old

64
Q

Industry vs. Inferiority is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

6-12 years old

65
Q

Identity vs. Role Confusion is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

12-18 years old

66
Q

Intimacy vs. Isolation is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

19-40 years old

67
Q

Generativity vs. Stagnation is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

40-65 years old

68
Q

Ego Integrity vs. Despair is the psychosocial crisis associated with what age range?

A

65 years old till death

69
Q

What are some of the criticisms with Erikson’s theory on development?

A
  • Erikson’s theory has been criticized for focusing so heavily on crises and assuming that the completion of one crisis is a prerequisite for the next crisis of development
  • His theory also focused on the social expectations that are found in certain cultures, but not in all
70
Q

Learning Theory

A

Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind, and therefore psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself

71
Q

What is learning theory is also referred to as?

A

Behaviorism

72
Q

Reinforcements

A

Application of rewards

73
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

Learning by watching others

74
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

There is interplay between our personality and the way we interpret events and how they influence us

75
Q

Cognitive Theories

A

Theories that focus on how our mental processes or cognitions change over time

76
Q

What is Jean Piaget’s theory on development?

A

He believed that children’s intellectual skills change over time and that maturation, rather than training, brings about that change; children of differing ages interpret the world differently

77
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Children (birth to 2) experience the world through their fundamental senses of seeing, hearing, touching, and tasting

78
Q

What is the stage attainment of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Object permanence

79
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Children (2-7) acquire the ability to internally represent the world through language and
mental imagery; also start to see the world from other people’s perspectives

80
Q

What is the stage attainments of the preoperational stage?

A
  • Theory of mind
  • Rapid increase in language ability
81
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Children (7-11) become able to think logically and they can increasingly perform operations on objects that are real

82
Q

What is the stage attainment of the concrete operational stage?

A

Conservation

83
Q

Formal Operational Stage

A

Adolescents (11 to adulthood) can think systematically, can reason about abstract concepts, and can understand ethics and scientific reasoning

84
Q

What is the stage attainment of the formal operational stage?

A

Abstract logic

85
Q

Sociocultural Theory

A

Theory that emphasizes the importance of culture and interaction in the development of cognitive abilities

86
Q

Which psychologist is attributed to creating sociocultural theory?

A

Lev Vygotsky

87
Q

Information Processing

A

Based on the ideas and research of several cognitive scientists studying how individuals perceive, analyze, manipulate, use, and remember information

88
Q

Ecological Systems Theory

A

Theory created by Bronfenbrenner which provides
a framework for understanding and studying the many influences on human development

89
Q

Microsystem

A

System that includes the individual’s setting and those who have direct, significant contact with the person, such as parents or siblings

90
Q

Mesosytem

A

System that includes the larger organizational structures, such as school, the family, or religion

91
Q

Exosystem

A

System that includes the larger contexts of community (history, values, economy, etc.)

92
Q

Macrosystem

A

System that includes the cultural elements

93
Q

Chronosystem

A

System that includes the historical context in which these experiences occur

94
Q

True or False: mesosystems influence and are influenced by the exosystem

A

True

95
Q

Scientific Method

A

The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures scientists use to conduct research

96
Q

Research Design

A

The specific method a researcher uses to collect, analyze, and interpret data

97
Q

What are the three major types of research designs used by psychologists in their research?

A
  • Descriptive
  • Correlational
  • Experimental
98
Q

Descriptive Research

A

Research that describes what is occurring at a particular point in time

99
Q

Correlational Research

A

Research designed to discover relationships among variables and to allow the prediction of future events from present knowledge

100
Q

Experimental Research

A

Research in which a researcher manipulates one or more variables to see their effects

101
Q

Case Studies

A

Descriptive records of one or a small group of individuals’ experiences and behavior

102
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Psychologists observe and record behavior that occurs in everyday settings

103
Q

Laboratory Observation

A

Observations conducted in a setting created by
the researcher

104
Q

Psychophysiological Assessment

A

Researchers may also record psychophysiological data, such as measures of heart rate, hormone levels, or brain activity to help explain development

105
Q

Secondary/Content Analysis

A

Involves analyzing information that has already been collected or examining documents or media to uncover attitudes, practices or preferences

106
Q

What is the most common statistical
measure of the strength of linear relationships among variables?

A

Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r)

107
Q

Positive Correlation

A

When the straight line indicates that individuals who have high values for one variable also tend to have high values for the other variable

108
Q

Negative Correlation

A

Occur when high values for one variable tend to be associated with low values for the other variable

109
Q

Third Variable

A

A variable that is not part of the research hypothesis but produces the observed correlation between them

110
Q

Extraneous Variables

A

Variables that are not part of the experiment that
could inadvertently affect either the experimental or control group, thus distorting the results

111
Q

Cross-Sectional Research

A

Compares samples that represent a cross-section of the population who vary in age

112
Q

Cohort Effect

A

The impact of having been born in a certain time-period

113
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

Involves studying a group of people who are the same age, and measuring them repeatedly over a period-of-time

114
Q

Attrition

A

Occurs when participants fail to complete all portions of a study

115
Q

Practice Effects

A

Occur when participants become better at a task over time because they have done it again and again; not due to natural psychological development

116
Q

Sequential Research

A

Includes elements of both longitudinal and cross-sectional research designs

117
Q

Deception

A

Occurs whenever research participants are not completely and fully informed about the nature of the research project before participating in it

118
Q

Debriefing

A

A procedure designed to fully explain the purposes and procedures of the research and remove any harmful aftereffects of participation

Lifespan Development (5 decks)

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