Chapter 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Fill-in-the-blank:
Anatomy is the science that is concerned with ____ ____ and the relationship among them.
A
body structures
2
Q
Fill-in-the-blank:
________ is the science concerned with the functions of the body parts.
A
Physiology
3
Q
What are the 6 levels of structural organization?
A
Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism
4
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: all atoms and molecules in the body
A
Chemical
5
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: all the cells in the body
A
cellular
6
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: groups of cells working together to perform a specific function
A
tissue
7
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: groups of tissues working together to perform a specific function
A
organ
8
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: several related organs that have a common function
A
system
9
Q
Identify the level of structural organization: all body parts functioning together.
-a single complete individual
A
organism
10
Q
The anatomical position
1. Subject stands upright, ____ the observer
2. Feet ____ on the floor
3. ____ at sides
4. Palms, face, and eyes facing _____
A
- facing
- flat
- arms
- forward
11
Q
Anatomical right and left refer to the subject’s ____ or _____.
A
Right or left
12
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
toward the head or above the structures
A
superior (cephalic or cranial)
13
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
away from the head or below other structures
A
Inferior (caudal)
14
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
toward the front or belly surface
A
anterior (ventral)
15
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
toward the midline
A
medial
16
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
away from the midline
A
lateral
17
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
between two structures
A
intermediate
18
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
on the same side of the body
A
ipsilateral
19
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
on the opposite side of the body
A
contralateral
20
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
closer to the point of attachment or origin
A
proximal
21
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
further from the point of attachment or origin
A
distal
22
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
towards the body surface
A
superfical (external)
23
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
away from the body surface
A
deep (internal)
24
Q
Directional terms and definitions:
laying face down
A
prone
25
Directional terms and definitions: laying face up
supine
26
Fill-in-the blank:
1. real or imaginary "____" of the body or parts of the body
2. Imaginary flat surfaces used to ____ the body for reference
1. "slices"
2. divide
27
Identify the body plane: a **vertical** slice which divides the body or organ into **right and left halves**
sagittal plane
28
Identify the body plane: a **vertical** slice that divides the body or organ into **anterior and posterior portions**
coronal (frontal) plane
29
Identify the body plane: a **horizontal** slice that divides the body or organ into **superior and inferior halves **
transverse (horizontal) plane
- aka cross section
30
Identify the body plane: a slice which passes through at an **angle**
oblique plane (more minor)
31
What are the two types of sagittal planes?
1. Median (midsagittal) plane
2. Paramedian (parasagital) plane
32
Sagittal plane: median or paramedian plane?
passes through midline, divides the body or organ into **equal** right and left halves
Median plane
33
Sagittal plane: median or paramedian plane?
**doesn't** pass through the midline, divides the body or organ into **unequal** right and left halves
Paramedian plane
34
Identify the body cavity or membrane:
toward the back of the body
Dorsal body cavity
35
Identify the body cavity or membrane:
toward the front of the body
Ventral body cavity
36
Identify the body cavity or membrane:
muscle that seperates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Diaphragm
37
Identify the body cavity or membrane:
* thin and double-layered
* lines the walls of the abdominal and thoracic cavities and covers the organs in these cavities
Serous membrane
38
What are the 2 subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity?
1. Cranial cavity
2. Vertebral (spinal) canal
39
Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity or vertebral (spinal) canal?
* formed by the cranial bones and contains the brain
cranial cavity
40
Dorsal cavity: cranial cavity or vertebral (spinal) canal?
* formed by the vertebrae and contains the spinal cord
vertebral (spinal) canal
41
____ are the mebranes of the dorsal cavity.
Meninges
42
What are the 2 subdivisions of the ventral body cavity?
1. Thoracic Cavity
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity
43
Ventral body cavity: thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity?
* superior cavity that houses the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
44
Ventral body cavity: thoracic or abdominopelvic cavity?
* inferior portion of the ventral cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
45
The thoracic cavity is also known as the ____ cavity.
Chest cavity
46
The thoraic cavity is divided into what 3 subdivisons?
1. Pericardial cavity
2. Pleural cavities
3. mediastinum
47
Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* a fluid-filled space that surrounds the **heart**
pericardial cavity
48
Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* fluid-filled spaces that surround **each lung**
pleural cavities
49
Thoracic cavity: pericardial cavity, pleural cavities, or mediastinum?
* **central** area of thoracic cavity
mediastinum
50
What are the 2 subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity?
1. Abdominal cavity
2. Pelvic cavity
51
Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal or pelvic cavity?
* contains the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidneys and ureters, small intestine, and most of the large intestine
abdominal cavity
52
Abdominopelvic cavity: Abdominal or pelvic cavity?
* contains reproductive organs, part of the large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and rectum
pelvic cavity
53
Fill-in-the-blank: serous membrane
functions to ____ friction by secreting lubricating fluid and to prevent infection by ______ organs
reduce, compartmentalizing
54
What are the 2 parts (layers) of the serous membrane?
1. Parietal layer
2. Visceral layer
55
Serous membrane: parietal or visceral layer?
* refers to the part of the membrane that lines the cavity walls
parietal layer
56
Serous membrane: parietal or visceral layer?
* refers to the part of the membrane that lines outer surfaces of the organs within the cavity
visceral layer
57
What are the names of the 3 specific serous membranes?
1. Peritoneum
2. Pleura
3. Pericardium
58
Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* lines the **abdominopelvic cavity** and its organs
peritoneum
59
Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* adheres to the surface of the **lungs** and lines the walls of the **chest and diaphragm**
pleura
60
Serous membranes: peritoneum, pleura, or pericardium?
* encloses the **heart**
pericaridum
61
What are the 5 body regions?
1. Head
2. Neck
3. Trunk
4. Upper Limbs
5. Lower Limbs
62
Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
consists of the skull and face
head
63
Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
supports the head and attaches to the trunk
neck
64
Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
consists of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis
trunk
65
Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
attach to trunk and assists of shoulders, armpits and arms, forearms, wrists and hands
upper limbs
66
Identify the body regions (recall; there are 5):
attach to trunk and consists of buttock, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
lower limbs
67
___ ____ divide up the abdominopelvic cavity into fourths.
* often used to describe the site of abdominal pain or abnormality
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
68
Identify the 4 abdominopelvic quadrants
1. _____ (RUQ)
2. ____ (RLQ)
3. ____ (LUQ)
4. ____ (LLQ)
1. Right upper quadrant (RUQ)
2. Right lower quadrant (RLQ)
3. Left upper quadrant (LUQ)
4. Left lower quadrant (LLQ)
69
Identify the 9 abdominopelvic regions
1. right and left ____ regions
2. right and left ____ (lateral) regions
3. right and left ____ (iliac) regions
4. ____ region
5. ____ region
6. ____ region
1. hypochondriac
2. lumbar (lateral)
3. inguinal (iliac)
4. epigastric
5. umbilical
6. hypogastric
70
Identify the 11 systems of the body
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary, digestive, gential (reproductive)
71
organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: skin, hair, nails, sweat and oil glands
* major functions: **protection**, vitamin D synthesis, eliminates waste, **thermoregulation**, nonverberal communication, **cutaneous sensation**
integumentary
72
organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: cartilage, joints, bones
* major functions: **protects and supports** body organs, **attachment** for muscles and others
skeletal
73
organ systems of the body: integumentary, skeletal, or muscular
* major organs: skeletal muscles
* major functions: **movement, heat production**
muscular
74
organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major organs: brain, spinal cord, nerves, special sense organs
* major functions: **coordinate** body activities, **detects** internal and external changes, **interpret** the changes and **respond** to changes
nervous
75
organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major organs: glands (pineal, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, suprarenal, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary)
* major functions: **secrete** hormones to **regulate** processes and metabolism, internal **communication**
endochrine
76
organ systems of the body: nervous, endochrine, or cardiovascular
* major components: heart, blood vessels, blood
* major function: transports blood
cardiovascular
77
organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph
* major functions: **pick up** fluid and **return** it to blood and **protects body** from diseas
lymphoid (lymphatic)
78
organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
* major functions: **gas exhange, vocalization**
respiratory
79
organ systems of the body: lymphoid (lymphatic), respiratory, urinary
* major organs: kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra
* major functions: **eliminates **waste, acid-base **balance**
urinary
80
organ systems of the body: digestive or genital (reproductive)
* major organs: teeth, tongue, salivary glands, espohagus, stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
* major functions: **breaks down** food and **absorbs** nutrients and **elimates** solid waste
digestive
81
organ systems of the body: digestive or genital (reproductive)
* major organs- **male**: prostate gland, epidiymis, bulbuourethral gland, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, penis, testis
* major organs-**female**: mammory glands (breasts), uterine (fallopian) tube, ovary, uterus, vagina
genital (reproductive)
82
organ systems of the body: genital (reproductive)- Male or Female?
* major functions: produce and deliver sperm, sex hormones
Male
83
organ systems of the body: genital (reproductive)- Male or Female?
* major functions: produce eggs, site of fetal development, lactation, sex hormones
Female
84
Complete the statement:
The ultimate goal of all body systems is to___ ____.
maintain life
85
Terms and definitions: term used to describe the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment
Homeostatis
86
Fill-in-the-blank:
Loss of homeostatic control can lead to ___ or ____.
illness or death
87
Homeostatis is constantly being disrupted by "____" (both internal and external).
"stress"
88
Our internal environment copes with disruptions to homeostatis by ___ ___.
Feedback systems (loops)
89
Terms and definitions: monitor what is going on in the body
Feedback systems (loops)
90
Identify the 3 basic components of a feedback system (loop)
1. monitors changes in a controlled condition (e.g. blood glucose, body temp, blood pressure) and sends into to #2
2. evaluates info from receptor and sends message to #3
3. produces a response that changes the controlled condition
1. Receptor
2. Control center (e.g., brain)
3. Effector (e.g., any organ or tissue)
91
What are the 2 types of feedback systems?
1. Negative Feedback System
2. Positive Feedback System
92
Posisitve or Negative feedback system?:
* **reverses** a change in a controlled condition
Negative feedback system
93
Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* **strengthens** **or reinforces** a change in a controlled condition
Positive feedback system
94
Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* usually **reduces** the stimulus
Negative feedback system
95
Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* usually **strengthens** the stimulus
Positive feedback system
96
Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* loop is stopped with the **controlled condition returns to its normal state**
Negative feedback system
97
Positive or Negative feedback system?:
* loop is stopped when **some event outside the system stops it** (e.g., childbirth)
Positive feedback system
98
Terms and definitions: any abnormality of structure or function
disorder
99
Terms and definitions: specific term for illness characterized by a recognizable set of sings and symptoms
disease
100
Disease: which defines signs and which defines symptoms?
1. **subjective** changes **experienced by a person** ( **observer cant's see them,** e.g., headache, nausea, anxiety)
2. **objective** changes that a clinician can **observe and measure** (e.g., swelling, rash, fever, high BP, paralysis)
1. symptoms
2. signs
101
How a negative feedback system works: steps/stages
1. ____ disrupts controlled condition (exercises disrupts body temp)
2. ____ sense change (heat receptors)
3. ___ ____ (brain) interprets information
4. ____ carry out response to restore homeostatis (sweat glands)
5. ____ (sweat and evaporative cooling) returns body to homeostais
1. stimulus
2. receptors
3. control center
4. effectors
5. response
