chapter 1

Question 1

What is the study of immunology?

Answer 1

Studying the immune system

Question 2

What is the immune system

Answer 2

all the organs and cells that protect you against infectious diseases and abnormal cell growth

Question 3

What are we fighting against?

Answer 3

Pathogens like fungi, bacteria, viruses and parasites (true vs opportunistic pathogens)

Cancer cells

Question 4

What’s the difference between true and opportunistic pathogens

Answer 4

True - cause infection in any host cell

Opportunistic - these can cause infection but rarely do in healthy individuals

Question 5

Where do each of these grow?

Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Parasites
Cancer

Answer 5

Viruses - inside cells
Bacteria - inside or outside cell
Fungi - outside cell
Parasites - outside cell
Cancer - once was your cells however is now an abnormal unregulated growth

Question 6

What are the two branches of the immune system? and sub-branches?

Answer 6

innate and adaptive system

adaptive system - has cell-mediated and humoral (extracellular)

Question 7

The innate immunity
what line of defense
prior or after exposure
time?
Memory?
Patterns or molecular differences

Answer 7

first line fo defense
prior to exposure
detects and eliminates within hours
no memory
patterns

Question 8

Adaptive immunity
prior to or after exposure
time? the immediate or delayed response?
Memory?

Answer 8

after exposure
delayed response
very specifci response
memory response is rapid and more effective

Question 9

Which type of immunity has a specific and delayed response?

Which has a broad response?

Answer 9

adaptive

innate

Question 10

what changes it’s DNA when it matures?

Answer 10

Lymphocytes

Question 11

how are lymphocytes an exception to gene expression?

Answer 11

they have the potential to express trillions of proteins because of gene recombination od V(D)J gene segments

Question 12

the central dogma

Answer 12

DNA (transcription) RNA (translation) protein

Question 13

what are some anatomical barriers?

Answer 13

skin, mucosal membranes, acidity, extracellular molecules (enzymes in tears)

Question 14

what are some cellular defenses?

Answer 14

phagocytes
antimicrobial peptide secretions
pattern recognition receptors

Question 15

Can you explain the adaptive humoral repsonse?

Answer 15

an antigen binds to a B cell and then a B cell rpodces antibodies to eliminate the antigen

Question 16

Can you explain the cell-mediated response in adaptive immunity?

Answer 16

antigen binds to T cells, one produces more cytokines, whihc then in combinatiion with the antigen work on the T whihc kills the infected cells

Question 17

describe what the antigen, antibody, and pathogen are

Answer 17

Antigen (Ag)- is a proetin an immune cell can recognize as foreign (epitomes are the specific part of the antigen bound to the antibody)

Anribody (Ab) - specific protein that binds to the antigen and gives proetection

Pathogen - an organism (bacteria, virus, fungi) that can cause disease

Question 18

what are the phases of the immune response?

Answer 18

recognition and response

Question 19

What is the role of Antigen Presenting Cells/ what are APC?

Answer 19

APC- dendritic cells, B cells , amcrophages

they are used for recognition purposes and then to activate a response by presenting the antigen to b cells and t cells

Question 20

in general is the first or second exposure to a virus elicit a faster or slower response?

Answer 20

the first reposnse is more delayed and the second is more rapid

Question 21

what is meant by the term clonal expanison?

Answer 21

to have an effective reponse numerous cells are needed and this can take time as we undergo clonal expansion

Question 22

how does memory in the immune system work?

Answer 22

the immune system has memory menaing that the recurrence of the dissease is low or preventable

Question 23

Describe memory and immunity in relation to small pox

Answer 23

Smallpox - inhalation/ insertion of dried crusts from pustules - 20-60% of infected people died and 80% of children almost all survived with complications

edward jenner- inoculated a boy with cowpox to acheive immunity for samll pox

Louis Pasteur - inoculated with attenuated cholera bacertium (Rabies virus)

Question 24

How does a vaccine work?

Answer 24

a weakered form of the pathogen is exposed to the immune sytem and allows it to generate memory

Question 25

Talk about the 3 acquired immunity systems
1. Active immunity
2. Passive immunity
3. Adoptive immunity

Give an examples, what is transfered and how long it lasts and if it’s delayed or immdeaite

Answer 25

1. Active immunity - vaciinations
   adminstration of an antigen
   long lived and delayed
2. Passive immunity - mother and fetus
   transfer of antibodues
   immediate and short-lived
3. Adoptive immunity - immunotherpy
   transfer of immune cells
   immediate and short lived

Question 26

give a brief overview of the immune system

Answer 26

1. infection
2. inante immmuniyt
3. primary lymphoid organs (thymus and bone marrow) secrets b and t cells
4. the secondary lymphoid organs (lymphe node) secrte more T and B cells
5. lymphatic flow out
6. effector reponse

Question 27

Balnce of the immune systems with other influences is ciritical for overall helath what are some other influences?

Answer 27

microflora, genotype, diet, stress, antibodies, excersisei