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Wildland > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s in the fire triangle?

A

Heat
Oxygen
Fuel

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2
Q

What are the heat sources in a wildfire?

A

Lightning
Humans

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3
Q

What is the fuel in wildfires?

A

Everything

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4
Q

What is the side of the triangle you can’t remove?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What is one example by removing oxygen, removing heat, removing fuel

A

Covering with mineral soil
Water
Bulldozing a line

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6
Q

Fire behaviour

A

The manner in which fuel ignites flames develop in fire spreads

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7
Q

Fire behaviour triangle

A

Fuel
Topography
Weather

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8
Q

Which one is the most significant in the fire behaviour triangle.

A

Weather

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9
Q

Relative humidity (RH)

A

The measure of the amount of moisture in the air

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10
Q

What is the highest and lowest humidity levels of the day

A

Highest equals nights and early mornings
Lowest late afternoon when the temperature is at it highest

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11
Q

Fire behaviour comes extreme when RH is

A

25% or less

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12
Q

Fire behaviour increases noticeably when RH is at

A

Less than 40%

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13
Q

Fire behaviour is normally low when our age is greater than

A

65%

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14
Q

Crossover

A

The point at which relative humidity is less than or equal to the abundant air temperature
This can be used to anticipate an increase in fire behaviour

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15
Q

Three types of ground cover fires

A

Ground fires
Surface fires
Crown fires

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16
Q

Ground fires

A

A burn that is in the layer of dead organic matter. (Called humus)
Slow moving
Smouldering fires
Can’t go untucked it for months before they enter a flaming stage

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17
Q

Surface fires

A

Most common type of ground cover fire
Burning on the soil surface, consuming low, lying grass, shrubs, and vegetations
Caused by nature or humans

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18
Q

Crown fires

A

Also known as canopy fires are wind, driven high intensity, and move to the tree tops can be caused by surface fires

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19
Q

Surface fuels

A

Needles, twigs and bush up to 6 feet (2m)

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20
Q

Aerial fuels

A

Everything over 6 feet
Branches
Moss
Cones

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21
Q

Fine fuels

A

Consists of grass leaves needles and moss
And small twigs less than 0.6 cm. In diameter

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22
Q

Medium fuels

A

Consist of dead fuels that are 1.0 cm to 7.0 cm in diameter.

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23
Q

Heavy fuels

A

Princess of large wooden materials that are greater than 7.0 cm in diameter.

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24
Q

General winds

A

Large scale upper level winds

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25
Q

Local winds

A

Found at lower levels of the atmosphere

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26
Q

Cold fronts

A

A cold front passing over on your fire, can cause the wind to abruptly shift direction and increase speed

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27
Q

Cumulonimbus could

A

Passing over can cause, erratic shifts and wind direction and wind speed gas can exceed 80 km an hour
CBS/thunderheads

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28
Q

Slope winds

A

Winsett developing hilly terrain where there’s a difference and heating and cooling during the day

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29
Q

Upslope wins

A

warmer air towards the top
fires, typically move upslope
Windspeeds between 3 to 8 can be gusty

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30
Q

Downslope winds

A

Generally occur after midnight speed ranges from 2 to 5

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31
Q

Precipitation

A

Any or all forms of water that falls from the atmosphere, reaching the ground

32
Q

Fuel is the single most important factor in determining

A

Burn potential

33
Q

Wind has the greatest impact of

A

Fire spread rate, size and shape of the fire

34
Q

Curing

A

Refers to the annual drying of native grasslands and crops

35
Q

Minimal spread grass fires are less than

A

50% cured

36
Q

Significant fire spreading occur at

A

75-100% cured

37
Q

Fuel condition

A

Refers to the physical state of fuel

38
Q

Live or green fuels

A

Always contain moisture

39
Q

Dead fuels

A

No moisture only affected by weather
Primary driver of all wildland fires

40
Q

Arrangement

A

The horizontal and vertical distribution of all combustible materials
Example open or compact

41
Q

Standing vs matted

A

Standing grass for tire spread rates then matted because it’s compressed

42
Q

Ground fuels

A

Duff
Roots

43
Q

Four types of forst fuels

A

Grass
Slash
Deciduous trees
Coniferous tresses

44
Q

Slash

A

Woody debris left over from walking or land clearing
does not include piled or when drove and Woody degrees

45
Q

Deciduous trees

A

Broad level trees
Do not like to burn
Leaves have moisture

46
Q

Coniferous trees

A

Evergreen
Cone, bearing or softwood
Did Pineneedles equal moisture

47
Q

For things that affect, Topograph

A

Slope
Aspect
Elevation
Shape of country

48
Q

At what percent is the rate not increased on the slopes?

A

5%

49
Q

Moderate slopes of what percent are the spread doubled

A

30%

50
Q

Slopes, greater than what percent are the spread rates quadrupled

A

55%

51
Q

Aspect

A

The aspect of the slope refers to the direction the slope faces

52
Q

Elevation

A

temperatures generally decrease with elevation
Realative Humidity increases with elevation
Winds generally increase with elevation

53
Q

Head or front of fire

A

The greatest rate of spread usually downwind or upslope

54
Q

Back heel base or rear

A

Slowest spending part of the fire opposite of the head

55
Q

Islands

A

Unburned fuel is located within the fire perimeter

56
Q

Flanks or sides

A

Between the head in the back, roughly Parallel to the main direction of the fire

57
Q

Fingers

A

How long to burn areas projecting from the main body resulting in an in regular fire perimeter

58
Q

Bay/pocket

A

Cuts located usually between two fingers

59
Q

Spot fires

A

Outside of the fire perimeter can be caused by Sparks or members that are carried by wind

60
Q

Smouldering

A

Fire, burning, without visible flame, and no visual signs of spreading

61
Q

Creeping

A

A fire spreading slowly so surface feels with a low flame front

62
Q

Running

A

Fast moving fire. With a defined front

63
Q

Torching/ candling

A

A single tree or small Klumpe trees, igniting flaring up from the bottom to the top

64
Q

Convection

A

The transfer of heat by movement of masses of hot air

65
Q

Conduction

A

The transfer of heat through physical contact

66
Q

Radiation

A

The transfer of heat in straight lines from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings

67
Q

HFI states that one fire behaviour indicates a head fire intensity of a class four five or six greater than 2000kW/m wild fire resources, must work from an anchor point

A
68
Q

Severe burning conditions
100% cured
Average fuel fuel load of 3.5?tonned/ha
level of undilating to train
Flyers at equilibrium
Grass moisture content, 7.5. %

A
69
Q

Fire whirls

A

Spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases rising
 Can be 1 foot to 500 foot

70
Q

Origion

A

Point of original inition of fire

71
Q

Perimeter

A

Entire outer edge or boundary of a fire

72
Q

Fire edge

A

The boundary of burnt or burning material at any given time

73
Q

What 3 things affect temperature

A

Wind
Weather
RH

74
Q

Temperature is affected by

A

Time of day and year

75
Q

4 weather elements

A

Temperature
Relative humidity
Wind, speed
24 hour precipitation

76
Q

FWI first 3 codes

A

Fire weather index
Moisture codes
Fine fuel moisture
Duff moisture
Drought code

77
Q

FEI bottom 3 codes

A

Happy to do it with fire behaviour
Initial spread index
Build up index
Fire weather index

Wildland (8 decks)

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