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Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s in the fire triangle?

A

Heat
Oxygen
Fuel

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2
Q

What are the heat sources in a wildfire?

A

Lightning
Humans

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3
Q

What is the fuel in wildfires?

A

Everything

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4
Q

What is the side of the triangle you can’t remove?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What is one example by removing oxygen, removing heat, removing fuel

A

Covering with mineral soil
Water
Bulldozing a line

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6
Q

Fire behaviour

A

The manner in which fuel ignites flames develop in fire spreads

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7
Q

Fire behaviour triangle

A

Fuel
Topography
Weather

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8
Q

Which one is the most significant in the fire behaviour triangle.

A

Weather

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9
Q

Relative humidity (RH)

A

The measure of the amount of moisture in the air

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10
Q

What is the highest and lowest humidity levels of the day

A

Highest equals nights and early mornings
Lowest late afternoon when the temperature is at it highest

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11
Q

Fire behaviour comes extreme when RH is

A

25% or less

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12
Q

Fire behaviour increases noticeably when RH is at

A

Less than 40%

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13
Q

Fire behaviour is normally low when our age is greater than

A

65%

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14
Q

Crossover

A

The point at which relative humidity is less than or equal to the abundant air temperature
This can be used to anticipate an increase in fire behaviour

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15
Q

Three types of ground cover fires

A

Ground fires
Surface fires
Crown fires

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16
Q

Ground fires

A

A burn that is in the layer of dead organic matter. (Called humus)
Slow moving
Smouldering fires
Can’t go untucked it for months before they enter a flaming stage

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17
Q

Surface fires

A

Most common type of ground cover fire
Burning on the soil surface, consuming low, lying grass, shrubs, and vegetations
Caused by nature or humans

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18
Q

Crown fires

A

Also known as canopy fires are wind, driven high intensity, and move to the tree tops can be caused by surface fires

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19
Q

Surface fuels

A

Needles, twigs and bush up to 6 feet (2m)

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20
Q

Aerial fuels

A

Everything over 6 feet
Branches
Moss
Cones

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21
Q

Fine fuels

A

Consists of grass leaves needles and moss
And small twigs less than 0.6 cm. In diameter

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22
Q

Medium fuels

A

Consist of dead fuels that are 1.0 cm to 7.0 cm in diameter.

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23
Q

Heavy fuels

A

Princess of large wooden materials that are greater than 7.0 cm in diameter.

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24
Q

General winds

A

Large scale upper level winds

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25
Local winds
Found at lower levels of the atmosphere
26
Cold fronts
A cold front passing over on your fire, can cause the wind to abruptly shift direction and increase speed
27
Cumulonimbus could
Passing over can cause, erratic shifts and wind direction and wind speed gas can exceed 80 km an hour CBS/thunderheads
28
Slope winds
Winsett developing hilly terrain where there’s a difference and heating and cooling during the day
29
Upslope wins
warmer air towards the top fires, typically move upslope Windspeeds between 3 to 8 can be gusty
30
Downslope winds
Generally occur after midnight speed ranges from 2 to 5
31
Precipitation
Any or all forms of water that falls from the atmosphere, reaching the ground
32
Fuel is the single most important factor in determining
Burn potential
33
Wind has the greatest impact of
Fire spread rate, size and shape of the fire
34
Curing
Refers to the annual drying of native grasslands and crops
35
Minimal spread grass fires are less than
50% cured
36
Significant fire spreading occur at
75-100% cured
37
Fuel condition
Refers to the physical state of fuel
38
Live or green fuels
Always contain moisture
39
Dead fuels
No moisture only affected by weather Primary driver of all wildland fires
40
Arrangement
The horizontal and vertical distribution of all combustible materials Example open or compact
41
Standing vs matted
Standing grass for tire spread rates then matted because it’s compressed
42
Ground fuels
Duff Roots
43
Four types of forst fuels
Grass Slash Deciduous trees Coniferous tresses
44
Slash
Woody debris left over from walking or land clearing does not include piled or when drove and Woody degrees
45
Deciduous trees
Broad level trees Do not like to burn Leaves have moisture
46
Coniferous trees
Evergreen Cone, bearing or softwood Did Pineneedles equal moisture
47
For things that affect, Topograph
Slope Aspect Elevation Shape of country
48
At what percent is the rate not increased on the slopes?
5%
49
Moderate slopes of what percent are the spread doubled
30%
50
Slopes, greater than what percent are the spread rates quadrupled
55%
51
Aspect
The aspect of the slope refers to the direction the slope faces
52
Elevation
temperatures generally decrease with elevation Realative Humidity increases with elevation Winds generally increase with elevation
53
Head or front of fire
The greatest rate of spread usually downwind or upslope
54
Back heel base or rear
Slowest spending part of the fire opposite of the head
55
Islands
Unburned fuel is located within the fire perimeter
56
Flanks or sides
Between the head in the back, roughly Parallel to the main direction of the fire
57
Fingers
How long to burn areas projecting from the main body resulting in an in regular fire perimeter
58
Bay/pocket
Cuts located usually between two fingers
59
Spot fires
Outside of the fire perimeter can be caused by Sparks or members that are carried by wind
60
Smouldering
Fire, burning, without visible flame, and no visual signs of spreading
61
Creeping
A fire spreading slowly so surface feels with a low flame front
62
Running
Fast moving fire. With a defined front
63
Torching/ candling
A single tree or small Klumpe trees, igniting flaring up from the bottom to the top
64
Convection
The transfer of heat by movement of masses of hot air
65
Conduction
The transfer of heat through physical contact
66
Radiation
The transfer of heat in straight lines from warmer surfaces to cooler surroundings
67
HFI states that one fire behaviour indicates a head fire intensity of a class four five or six greater than 2000kW/m wild fire resources, must work from an anchor point
68
Severe burning conditions 100% cured Average fuel fuel load of 3.5?tonned/ha level of undilating to train Flyers at equilibrium Grass moisture content, 7.5. %
69
Fire whirls
Spinning vortex column of ascending hot air and gases rising  Can be 1 foot to 500 foot
70
Origion
Point of original inition of fire
71
Perimeter
Entire outer edge or boundary of a fire
72
Fire edge
The boundary of burnt or burning material at any given time
73
What 3 things affect temperature
Wind Weather RH
74
Temperature is affected by
Time of day and year
75
4 weather elements
Temperature Relative humidity Wind, speed 24 hour precipitation
76
FWI first 3 codes
Fire weather index Moisture codes Fine fuel moisture Duff moisture Drought code
77
FEI bottom 3 codes
Happy to do it with fire behaviour Initial spread index Build up index Fire weather index

Wildland (8 decks)

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