CHAPTER 1

Question 1

Anything that occupies space & has mass

Answer 1

MATTER

Question 2

The building blocks of matter

Answer 2

ATOMS

Question 3

-The quantity of matter as described by its
energy equivalence
-The distinguishing characteristic of matter

Answer 3

MASS

Question 4

The force exerted on a body under the
influence of gravity

Answer 4

WEIGHT

Question 5

Material substance with mass of which
physical objects are composed

Answer 5

MATTER

Question 6

The fundamental, complex, building blocks
of matter

Answer 6

Atoms & Molecules

Question 7

The ability to do work

Answer 7

ENERGY

Question 8

SI UNIT FOR ENERGY

Answer 8

SI Unit: joules (J)

Question 9

SI UNIT FOR ENERGY IN RADIOLOGY

Answer 9

electron volt (eV)

Question 10

The ability to do work by virtue of position

Answer 10

Potential Energy

Question 11

The energy in motion

Answer 11

Kinetic Energy

Question 12

The energy released by a chemical reaction

Answer 12

Chemical Energy

Question 13

The work that can be done when an electron
moves through an electric potential
difference (V)

Answer 13

Electrical Energy

Question 14

The energy in motion at the molecular level

Answer 14

Thermal/Heat Energy

Question 15

The energy that is contained within the
nucleus of an atom

Answer 15

Electromagnetic Energy

Question 16

WHO: Theory of Relativity

Answer 16

Albert Einstein

Question 17

States that matter and energy are
interchangeable

Answer 17

Theory of Relativity

Question 18

Matter-Energy Equivalence FORMULA

Answer 18

Formula: E=mc2

Question 19

The energy emitted & transferred through
space

Answer 19

Radiation

Question 20

Radiated by the sun

Answer 20

Visible Light

Question 21

Matter that intercepts & absorbs radiation

Answer 21

Exposed/Irradiated

Question 22

It causes sunburn

Answer 22

UV Light

Question 23

Any type of radiation that is capable of
removing an orbital electron from the atom
with which it interacts

 Examples: x-rays, gamma rays & UV light

Answer 23

Ionizing Radiation

Question 24

The removal of an electron from an atom

Answer 24

Ionization

Question 25

EXAMPLE: Particulate-type Ionizing Radiation

Answer 25

Examples: alpha & beta particles

Question 26

Natural Environmental Radiation: ANNUAL DOSE

Answer 26

Annual Dose: 300 mrem/yr

Question 27

emitted by sun & stars

Answer 27

Cosmic Rays:

Question 28

SOURCES OF IONIZING RADIATION ARE:

Answer 28

Natural Environmental Radiation Man-made Radiation

Question 29

deposits of uranium, thorium & other radionuclides

Answer 29

Terrestrial Radiation:

Question 30

potassium-40 (natural metabolites)

Answer 30

Internally-deposited Radionuclides:

Question 31

largest source (NATURAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIATION)

Answer 31

RADON

Question 32

Annual Dose: Man-made Radiation

Answer 32

60 mrem/yr

Question 33

MAN-MADE RADIATION: LARGEST SOURCE

Answer 33

Diagnostic X-rays: largest source (39 mrem/yr)

Question 34

NCRP

Answer 34

National Council on Radiation Protection & Measurements

Question 35

MSCT

Answer 35

Multislice Spiral Computed Tomography

Question 36

Medical Applications of Ionizing Radiation: ANNUAL DOSE

Answer 36

50 mrem/yr

Question 37

Electrons

Answer 37

Cathode Rays

Question 38

He invented crookes tube

Answer 38

Sir William Crookes

Question 39

He discovered x-rays

Answer 39

Wilhelm Roentgen

Question 40

WHEN: Discovery of x-rays; Wurzburg University in Germany

Answer 40

November 8, 1895

Question 41

The fluorescent material used by Roentgen

Answer 41

Barium Platinocyanide

Question 42

The emission of visible light only during stimulation

Answer 42

Fluorescence

Question 43

Roentgen received Nobel Prize in Physics

Answer 43

1901

Question 44

ROENTGEN: He published and produced the first medical x-ray image -The first x-ray examination

Answer 44

February 1896

Question 45

-Uses x-ray film & x-ray tube mounted from the ceiling -Provides fixed images

Answer 45

Radiography

Question 46

-Conducted with an x-ray tube located under the examination table -Provide moving images

Answer 46

Fluoroscopy

Question 47

Measured in kVp

Answer 47

X-ray Voltage

Question 48

To provide an x-ray beam that is satisfactory for imaging, you must supply the x-ray tube with a _____ & ____

Answer 48

high voltage sufficient electric current!

Question 49

Measured in mA

Answer 49

X-ray Current

Question 50

Caused: long exposure time

Answer 50

Image Blur

Question 51

He demonstrated the use of radiographic intensifying screen

Answer 51

Michael Pupin (1896)

Question 52

He demonstrated the use of double emulsion film

Answer 52

Charles L. Leonard (1904)

Question 53

He developed fluoroscope

Answer 53

Thomas A. Edison (1898)

Question 54

Original Fluorescent Material:

Answer 54

Fluorescent Material:

Question 55

Most Recent:Fluorescent Material

Answer 55

Zinc cadmium sulfide & calcium tungstate

Question 56

The first x-ray fatality

Answer 56

Clarence Dally (1904)

Question 57

He demonstrated the first application of collimation & filtration

Answer 57

William Rollins

Question 58

-He introduced interrupterless transformer Snook transformer

Answer 58

H.C. Snook (1907)

Question 59

He introduced coolidge x-ray tube

Answer 59

William D. Coolidge (1913)

Question 60

Radiology emerged as a medical specialty because of the ____ & the _____

Answer 60

snook transformer Coolidge x-ray tube!

Question 61

He invented stationary grid  “glitterblende”

Answer 61

Gustav Bucky (1913)

Question 62

He invented moving grid

Answer 62

Hollis Potter (1915)

Question 63

Potter-Bucky grid was introduced

Answer 63

1921

Question 64

He demonstrated at Bell Telephone Laboratories

Answer 64

Light Amplifier (1946)

Question 65

Light amplifier was adapted for fluoroscopy

Answer 65

1950

Question 66

Diagnostic UTZ & gamma camera appeared

Answer 66

1960

Question 67

PET & CT were developed

Answer 67

1970

Question 68

MRI become an accepted modality

Answer 68

1980

Question 69

MEG

Answer 69

Magnetoencephalography

Question 70

Because of ______, radiology is now considered a safe occupation!

Answer 70

effective radiation protection practices

Question 71

It absorbs low energy x-rays  Aluminum or copper

Answer 71

Filtration

Question 72

It restricts the useful x-ray beam

Answer 72

Collimation

Question 73

It reduces scatter radiation

Answer 73

Collimation

Question 74

It improves image contrast

Answer 74

Collimation

Question 75

Collimation: example

Answer 75

Example: adjustable light-locating collimators (common)

Question 76

It reduces x-ray exposure by more than 95%

Answer 76

Intensifying Screen

Question 77

Lead-impregnated material  Examples: gloves & apron

Answer 77

Protective Apparel

Question 78

It is used with all persons of childbearing age

Answer 78

Gonadal Shielding

Question 79

 Lead-lined with a leaded-glass window  Example: radiographic control console

Answer 79

Protective Barriers

Question 80

ARRT

Answer 80

American Registry of Radiologic Technologists

Question 81

TEN COMMANDMENTS OF RADIATION PROTECTION

Answer 81

1. Understand & apply the cardinal principles of radiation control: time, shielding & distance. 2. Do not allow familiarity to result in false security. 3. Never stand in the primary beam. 4. Always wear protective apparel when not behind a protective barrier. 5. Always wear an occupational radiation monitor and position it outside the protective apron at the collar. 6. Never hold a patient during radiographic examination. Use mechanical restraining devices when possible. Otherwise, have parents or friends hold the patient. 7. The person who is holding the patient must always wear a protective apron and, if possible, protective gloves. 8. Use gonadal shields on all people of child bearing age when such use will not interfere with the examination. 9. Examination of the pelvis and lower abdomen of a pregnant patient should be avoided whenever possible, especially during the first trimester. 10. Always collimate to the smallest field size appropriate for the examination.