Chapter 1 Flashcards
(203 cards)
1
Q
Name the components of the cardiovascular system
A
Heart
Blood
Blood vessels
2
Q
What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?
A
Heart pumps blood through vessels
Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells and moves carbon dioxide and waste away from cells, regulates acid base balance, temperature, and water content of body fluids, blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
3
Q
What are the components of the lymphatic system?
A
Lymphatic fluid and lymphatic vessels
Spleen
Thymus
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
B Cells
T Cells
4
Q
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
A
Returns proteins and fluid to blood, Carry lipids from GI tract to blood, contains sites of maturation and proliferation of B cells and T cells which protect against disease causing microbes
5
Q
What are the components of the respiratory system?
A
Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchial tubes
6
Q
What are the functions of the respiratory system?
A
Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air, helps regulate acid base balance of body fluids, air flowing out of lungs through vocal chords produces sounds
7
Q
What are the components of the digestive system?
A
Mouth
Pharynx
esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Anus
Salivary glands
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
8
Q
What are the functions of the digestive system?
A
Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs nutrients,
Eliminates solid wastes
9
Q
What are the components of the urinary system?
A
Kidney
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra
10
Q
What are the functions of the urinary system?
A
Produces, stores, and eliminates urine, eliminates wastes, regulates volume and chemical composition of blood, helps maintain acid base balance of body fluids, maintains body’s mineral balance, helps regulate production of red blood cells.
11
Q
What are the components of the female reproductive system?
A
Ovaries
Uterine tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Clitoris
Mammary glands
12
Q
What are the components of the male reproductive system?
A
Testes
Penis
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Seminal glands
Prostate
13
Q
What is the function of the reproductive system?
A
Gonads produce gametes that unite to form a new organism, gonads also release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes, associated organs transmit and store gametes, mammary glands produce milk.
14
Q
Define non invasive diagnostic technique
A
A diagnostic technique that does not involve inserting an instrument or device through the skin or a body opening.
15
Q
Define inspection
A
The examiner observes the body for any changes that deviate from normal
16
Q
Define palpation
A
An examiner feels body surfaces with the hands
17
Q
Define auscultation
A
The examiner listens to body sounds to evaluate the functioning of certain organs
18
Q
Define percussion
A
The examiner taps the body surface with the fingertips to listen to the resulting sound
19
Q
What are the six most important life processes in the human body?
A
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Movement
Growth
Differentiation
Reproduction
20
Q
Define metabolism
A
The sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body
21
Q
Define catabolism
A
The breakdown of complex chemical substances into simpler components.
22
Q
Define anabolism
A
Building up of complex chemical substances from smaller simpler components.
23
Q
Define responsiveness
A
The body’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli.
24
Q
Define movement
A
Includes motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and structures within cells
25
Define growth
An increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of cells, number of cells, or both
26
Define differentiation
The development of a cell from an Unspecialized to a specialized state
27
What are stem cells
Unspecialized cells that can divide and give rise to cells that undergo differentiation.
28
Define reproduction
It refers to either the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair or replacement or the production of a new individual.
29
Define autopsy
An post Morten examination of the body, dissection of internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
30
Define homeostasis
The maintained of relatively stable conditions in the body’s internal environment
31
An important part of maintaining homeostasis is
Maintenance of the volume and composition of body fluids
32
Define body fluids
Dilute watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals that exist inside of and outside of cells
33
Fluid within cells is called
Intercellular fluid or cytosol
34
Fluid found outside of the cells is known as
Extracellular fluid or ECF
35
Define interstitial fluid
Fluid that fills the narrow spaces between cells
36
ECF within blood vessels is called
Blood plasma
37
ECF within lymphatic vessels is called
Lymph plasma
38
ECF around the brain and spinal cord is known as
cerebrospinal fluid
39
ECF in joints is referred to as
synovial fluid
40
ECF of the eyes is called
aqueous humor and vitreous body
41
which two systems are mostly responsible for correcting homeostatic imbalances
nervous and endocrine
42
how does the body regulate its internal environment
through feedback systems
43
define a feedback system or a feedbeck loop
a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored, reevaluated and so on
44
controlled conditions are
internal variables that are constantly monitored by the body such as blood glucose
45
define stimulus
anything that changes a controlled condition
46
what are the three basic components of any feedback system
receptor
control center
effector
47
Define receptor
a body structure that onitors changes in a controlled condition and sends inputs into a control center
48
the pathway from the receptor to the control center is called
an afferent pathway
49
the input given by a receptor to a control center is in the form of
nerve impulses or chemical signals
50
What does a control center do
sets the range within which a controlled condition should remain, evaluates the inputs from the receptors, and generates output commands when they are needed
51
Output from a control center usually occurs as
nerve impulses, hormones or other chemical signals
52
The pathway from the control center to the effector is known as
an efferent pathway
53
define effector
a body structure that recieves output from the control center and produces a response
54
define response
an effect that changes a controlled condition
55
Nearly every organ or tissue in the body can behave as an
effector
56
Define a negative feedback system
a feedback system that reverses a change in a controlled condition
57
define positive feedback system
a feedback system that strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the bodies controlled conditions the strengthening of the change is stopped by a certain mechanism like the birth of a baby
58
define disorder
any abnormality of structure or function
59
define disease
an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
60
A local disease effects
one part or a small region of the body
61
A systemic disease effects
either the entire body or several parts of it
62
define symptoms
subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer
63
Define sign
Objective changes that a professional can obsereve or measure
64
Define epidemiology
the science that deals with when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted
65
define pharmacology
Science that deals with the effects and uses of drugs in treatment of disease
66
Define diagnosis
the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
67
What is anatomical position
the standard position of reference used by healthcare professionals
68
Describe the anatomical position
The patient stands erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing directly forward the lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward the upper limbs are at the sides with the palms turned forward
69
describe prone posistion
lying face down
70
describe supine position
lying face up
71
name the principal regions of the body
Head
neck
trunk
upper limbs
lower limbs
72
The trunk consists of
The chest abdomen and pelvis
73
the trunk attaches to the lower limb at
the groin
74
What are directional terms
Words that describe the position of one body part relative to the other
75
Define plane
Imaginary flat surfaces that pass through body parts
76
sagittal plane
a longitudinal plane that divides the body in right and left sides but not directly through the midline
77
midsagittal plane
a sagittal plane through the midline
78
Midline
an imaginary line that divides the body into equal left and right halves
79
paramedian plane
a sagittal plane that divides the body into unequal left and right sides
80
Define a coronal or frontal plane
A longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
81
Define transverse plane
A lattitudinal plane that divides the body in to top and bottom portions
82
An oblique plane
passes through the body at an oblique angle (any angle other than 90 degrees
83
Define an anatomical section
a cut of the body or one of its organs made along a certain plane
84
Body Cavity
spaces that enclose internal organs
85
What separates different body cavities
bones muscles ligaments and other structures
86
Crainial Cavity
a hollow space inside of the crainial bones
87
the crainial cavity contains
the brain
88
The bones of the vertebral column form
the vertebreal canal
89
the vertebral canal contains
the spinal cord
90
The menenges and cerebrospinal fluid surround
the brain and spinal cord
91
Define ipsilateral
on the same side of the body as another structure
92
Define contralateral
On the opposite side of the body from another structure
93
Proximal
Nearer to the point of attachment
94
Distal
Farther from the point of attachment
95
Superficial
Toward the surface of the body
96
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
97
What are the two cavities in the trunk
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
98
What structures form the thoracic cavity
The ribs
Muscles of the chest
The sternum
Thoracic portion of the vertebral column
99
The cavities within the thoracic cavity
Pericardial cavity
Pleural cavities
100
Mediastinum
An anatomical region in the center of the thoracic cavity
101
Describe the location of the mediastinum
Between the lungs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm
102
The mediastinum contains
All of the thoracic organs except for the lungs
103
Diaphragm
Dome shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
104
Describe the location of the abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the to the groin and is encircled by the abdominal muscular wall and the bones and muscles of the pelvis
105
The superior portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is called
The abdominal cavity
106
The abdominal cavity contains
The stomach
Spleen
Liver
Gallbladder
Small intestine
Most of the large intestine
107
The lower portion of the abdominopelvic cavity is called
The pelvic cavity
108
The pelvic cavity contains
Urinary bladder
Portions of the large intestine
Most of the internal organs of the genital systems
109
Define viscera
Organs inside the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
110
Define membrane
A thin pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
111
Describe serous membrane
A slippery double layered membrane associated with body cavities that does not open directly to the exterior it covers the viscera and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
112
What are the parts of the serous membrane
Parietal layer
Visceral layer
Serous fluid
113
Describe the parietal layer
A thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
114
Describe the visceral layer
A thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
115
Where does serous fluid exist
In a potential space between the parietal and visceral layers
116
What is the pleura
The serous membrane of the pleural cavities
117
The visceral pleura
Clings to the surface of the lungs
118
The parietal pleura
Lines the chest wall covering the superior surface of the diaphragm
119
Between the visceral pleura and the parietal pleura is
The pleural cavity
120
The pleural cavity contains
A small amount of serous fluid
121
The serous membrane for the pericardial cavity is called
The pericardium
122
The visceral pericardium
Covers the surface of the heart
123
The parietal pericardium
Lines the chest wall
124
Where is the pericardial cavity
Between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium
125
The pericardial cavity contains
A small amount of serous fluid
126
Define peritoneum
The serous membrane for the abdominal cavity
127
The visceral peritoneum
Covers the abdominal viscera
128
The parietal peritoneum
Lines the abdominal wall covering the inferior surface of the diaphragm
129
Where is the peritoneal cavity
Between the visceral and the parietal peritoneum
130
The peritoneal cavity contains
A small amount of serous fluid
131
Some abdominal organs are not surrounded by the peritoneum instead they are
Posterior to it
132
Abdominal organs that are posterior to the peritoneum are known as
Retroperitoneal
133
Name the retroperitoneal abdominal viscera
Kidneys
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Duodenum
Ascending and descending colon
Portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
134
Abdominopelvic regions
Nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity that are created by drawing a tic tac toe board on the abdomen
135
The subcostal plane
The superior horizontal line that Passes across the lowest level of the tenth costal cartilages
136
Transtubercular plane
The inferior horizontal line that passes across the superior margins of the iliac crests
137
The left and right midclavicular planes
Are drawn from the midpoints of the clavicles just medial to the nipples
138
From left to right top to bottom name the abdominopelvic regions
Right hypochondriac
Epigastric
Left hypochondriac
Right lateral
Umbilical
Left lateral
Right inguinal
Hypogastric
Left inguinal
139
When dividing the abdominopelvic region into quadrants
A transverse plane and a medial plane pass through the umbilicus
140
Name the quadrants from left to right top to bottom
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left lower quadrant
141
Define aging
A normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body’s ability to restore homeostasis
142
Define medical imaging
Refers to techniques and procedures used to creat images of the human body
143
DEXA scans test for
Bone density
144
Angiography
A contrast X-ray of blood vessels
145
Intravenous urography
Contrast X-ray of the urinary system
146
Barium contracts X-ray
Contrast X-ray of the GI tract
147
MRI
The body is exposed to a high energy magnetic field
148
CT scan
X-ray beam traces an arc at multiple angles around a section of the body
149
Ultrasound
Uses high frequency sound waves that reflect off of body tissues
150
Coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) scan
An iodine containing contrast medium is injected into a vein and a beta blocker is given to decrease heart rate. Then numerous X-ray beams trace an arc around the heart and a scanner detects the X-ray beams and transmits them to a computer which produces a 3D image of the coronary blood vessels
151
Positron emission tomography PET scan
A substance that emits positrons is injected into the body where it is taken up by tissues. The positrons collide with the negatively charged electrons in the body produces gamma rays which are photographed by a gamma ray camera
152
Endoscopy
Visual examination of the inside of body organs using a lighted instrument with a lens called an endoscope
153
Radionuclide scanning
A radioactive substance is introduced intravenously into the body and carried by blood tissue to be imaged
154
Axial
Pertaining to the central part of the body. The head and trunk
155
Cephalic
Pertaining to the head
156
Crainial
Pertaining to the portion of the skull surrounding the brain
157
Facial
Pertaining to the face
158
Frontal
Pertaining to the forehead
159
Orbital
Pertaining to the eye
160
Otic
Pertaining to the ear
161
Nasal
Pertaining to the nose
162
Buccal
Pertaining to the cheek
163
Oral
Pertaining to the mouth
164
Mental
Pertaining to the chin
165
Occipital
Pertaining to the back of the head
166
Cervical
Pertaining to the neck
167
Thoracic
Pertaining to the chest
168
Sternal
Pertaining to the breast bone
169
Pectoral
Pertaining to the chest
170
Mammary
Pertaining to the breast
171
Abdominal
Pertaining to the abdomen
172
Umbilical
Pertaining to the navel
173
Coxal
Pertaining to the hip
174
Pelvic
Pertaining to the pelvis
175
Pubic
Pertaining to the genital area
176
Dorsal
Pertaining to the back
177
Scapular
Pertaining to the shoulder blade reqion
178
Vertebral
Pertaining to the spinal column
179
Lumbar
Pertaining to the area of the back between the lowest rib and buttocks
180
Appendicular
Pertaining to the extremities or limbs
181
Acromial
Pertaining to the highest point of the shoulder
182
Axillary
Pertaining to the armpit
183
Brachial
Pertaining to the arm
184
Antecubital
Pertaining to the anterior portion of the elbow
185
Olecranal
Pertaining to the back of the elbow
186
Antebrachial
Pertaining to the forearm
187
Carpal
Pertaining to the wrist
188
Manual
Pertaining to the hand
189
Palmar
Pertaining to the palm of the hand
190
Digital
Pertaining to the fingers
191
Inguinal
Pertaining to the groin where the thigh attaches to the pelvis
192
Gluteal
Pertaining to the buttocks
193
Femoral
Pertaining to the thigh
194
Patellar
Pertaining to the anterior surface of the knee
195
Popliteal
Pertaining to the posterior surface of the knee
196
Crural
Pertaining to the anterior surface of the leg
197
Fibular
Pertaining to the lateral side of the leg
198
Sural
Pertaining to the posterior surface of the leg
199
Tarsal
Pertaining to the ankle
200
Pedal
Pertaining to the foot
201
Plantar
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
202
Clacaneal
Pertaining to the heel
203
Digital
Pertaining to the toes
