Chapter 1

Question 1

what are the leading causes of death in the U.S. according to the CDC?

Answer 1

• heart disease
• cancer
• unintentional injuries from COVID (poisoning, motor vehicle accident, overdose, downing, falls)
• COVID
• stroke

Question 2

what are the leading causes of death in the world according to the WHO?

Answer 2

• heart disease
• stroke
• COPD
• lower respiratory infection
• neonatal conditions (developing countries)

Question 3

what are the leading causes of death for low income countries?

Answer 3

• neonatal conditions
• lower respiratory infections
• ischemic heart disease
  diseases are communicable (contagious)

Question 4

what are the leading causes of death for high income countries?

Answer 4

• ischemic heart disease
• alzheimers
• stroke
  more access to health care and diseases are not communicable (not contagious, preventable?)

Question 5

disease

Answer 5

any disturbance of structure or function of the body (loss of homeostasis)

Question 6

acute disease

Answer 6

contagious, caused by pathogen, 6 months or less

Question 7

chronic disease

Answer 7

long lasting, more than 6 months (cancer/heart disease)

Question 8

etiology

Answer 8

cause of disease

Question 9

disease is due to…

Answer 9

structure or function gone wrong

Question 10

structural disease

Answer 10

• structure changes in a cell, organ, etc.
• caused by lesions that occur in the body
• caused by external or internal mechanisms
• ex. unintentional COVID injuries, heart disease, alzheimers, cancer

Question 11

functional disease

Answer 11

• no morphological abnormalities yet body functions are disturbed
• no visible lesions present initially (microscopic), over time structural changes will appear
• caused by physiological changes
• ex. hypertension, diarrheal diseases are both structural and functional

Question 12

gross examination

Answer 12

can see with the naked eye

Question 13

histologic examination

Answer 13

see changes under a microscope

Question 14

lesion

Answer 14

change in DNA of the cell

Question 15

structure and function are intimately related..

Answer 15

change in structure leads to change in function

Question 16

pathology

Answer 16

study of structural and functional changes in body as a result of disease

Question 17

pathologist

Answer 17

physician who specializes in diagnosing and classifying diseases by studying the morphology of cells and tissues

Question 18

clinician

Answer 18

physician/health care professional that cares for patients

Question 19

pathogenesis

Answer 19

abnormal creation

Question 20

pathogen

Answer 20

organism causing disease

Question 21

manifestation

Answer 21

expression of, physical result of disease

Question 22

types of manifestation

Answer 22

• symptoms: something that is not measurable (subjective)
• signs: measurable, vitals (objective)
• lesion: characteristic structural changes in organs and tissues as a result of disease
• asymptomatic: without symptoms

Question 23

predisposing

Answer 23

more likely to get a disease

Question 24

categories of disease

Answer 24

• vascular
• infectious (inflammatory): COVID
• neoplastic: cancer, improper development of cells
• degenerative (deficiency): osteoporosis
• idiopathic: hypertension
• congenital
• allergic (autoimmune)
• traumatic
• endocrine (hormonal)
• metabolic

Question 25

causes of disease

Answer 25

- exogenous: outside of body (physical, chemical, microbiologic) - endogenous: inside of body (vascular, immunologic, metabolic) - idiopathic: cause is unknown - iatrogenic disease: disease caused by medical exam or treatment (side effect of drug) - nosocomial disease: acquired from hospital environment (bacteria)

Question 26

why do patients most often seek medical help?

Answer 26

due to a symptom

Question 27

clinician gathers facts (workup) which include..

Answer 27

history, predisposing risk factor, physical exam, lab and diagnostic tests

Question 28

prognosis

Answer 28

likely outcome/course the disease will take - chances of complete recovery - prediction of permanent loss of function - probability of survival

Question 29

complication

Answer 29

abnormal state that develops in person with disease

Question 30

palliative care

Answer 30

treatments designed to relieve and manage symptoms - may still receive treatment - often serious chronic illness - useful for all stages of a disease

Question 31

hospice care

Answer 31

comfort care when cure is no longer possible

Question 32

process of patient care is limited by..

Answer 32

- access to care - nature of particular diseases - clinicians ability to understand disease processes

Question 33

time lag

Answer 33

application of new knowledge about disease processes and therapeutic interventions lags far behind discoveries (15-20 years)

Question 34

obstacles to patient care

Answer 34

- time lag - standards of practice are not universally adhered to - type of facility - bias - mistrust in medical institutions