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Pre-master Geneeskunde > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of genes?

A

They program synthesis of molecules.

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2
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

The study of disordered body function and the basis for clinical medicine.

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3
Q

How many cells does the entire body contains?

A

About 35-40 trillion human cells.

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4
Q

How many red blood cells does a human have?

A

25 trillion

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5
Q

How many species of microorganisms are present in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

400-1000 species

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6
Q

What is microbiota?

A

Communities of microorganisms that inhabit the body.

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7
Q

How much percent does an adult human body consist of fluid (water solution of ions and other substances)?

A

About 50-70%

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8
Q

How is the fluid in an adult human body divided?

A

About 2/3 in the intracellular fluid and 1/3 in the spaces outside the cells (extra cellular fluid).

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9
Q

How is the extracellular fluid also called?

A

The internal environment of the body (Mileu intérieur)

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10
Q

What does the extracellular fluid mostly contain?

A

Large amounts of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions and nutrients for the cells such as oxygen, glucose, fatty acids and amino acids. And carbon dioxide that is transported to the lungs.

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11
Q

What does the intracellular fluids contain?

A

Large amounts of potassium, magnesium and phosphate ions.

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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment.

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13
Q

Who and when coined the term homeostasis to describe the maintenance of nearly constant conditions in the internal environment?

A

The American physiologist Walter Cannon (1871-1945) in 1929.

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14
Q

How much does the blood hydrogen ion concentration varies?

A

Normally less than 5 nanomoles/L.

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15
Q

How much does the blood sodium concentration vary within the body?

A

Only a few millimoles per liter, even with large changes in sodium intake.

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16
Q

How many times are the variations in sodium concentration greater than for hydrogen ions?

A

At least 1 million times greater than

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17
Q

What is the definition of disease?

A

State of disrupted homeostasis.

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18
Q

How many times does blood traverses the entire circuit when in rest and when extremely active?

A

In rest = once a minute
Extremely active = six times a minute

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19
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that fills the spaces between the cells. It fills the intercellular spaces.

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20
Q

What molecules cannot pass the capillary walls?

A

Plasma proteins (present in blood plasma)

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21
Q

What is the alveolar membrane?

A

The membrane between the alveoli and the lumen of the pulmonary capillaries.

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22
Q

How thick is the alveolar membrane?

A

Only 0.4-2.0 micrometers

23
Q

Which dissolved nutrients are absorbed from ingested food into the extracellular fluid of the blood?

A

Carbohydrates, fatty acids and amino acids.

24
Q

What are two functions of the liver?

A
  1. Changing the chemical composition of absorbed substances by the GI tract to more usable forms.
  2. Eliminating certain waste products that are produced and toxic substances that are ingested.
25
Q

Which substance is most abundant of all the metabolism products?

A

Carbon dioxide

26
Q

What are two metabolic waste products that are excreted by the kidneys into urine?

A

Urea and creatinine

27
Q

By which organs are metabolic end products removed from the body?

A

Lungs, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract (feces) and liver (drugs and chemicals)

28
Q

What are the three major parts of the nervous system?

A

The sensory input portion, integrative portion (the CNS) and the motor output portion.

29
Q

What is the function of sensory receptors?

A

They detect the state of the body and its surroundings.

30
Q

What is the central nervous system (CNS) composed of?

A

The brain and the spinal cord

31
Q

What are the four functions of the brain?

A
  1. Storing information
  2. Generating thoughts
  3. Creating ambition
  4. Determining reactions
32
Q

What can secrete hormones?

A

The endocrine glands, organs and tissues

33
Q

What is the function of the thyroid hormone?

A

Increases the rate of most chemical reactions, thus helping set the tempo of bodily activity.

34
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Controls glucose metabolism

35
Q

What is the function of adrenocortical hormones?

A

They control sodium and potassium ions and protein metabolism.

36
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid hormone?

A

Control bone calcium and phosphate.

37
Q

What does the immune system do?

A

Protects the body from pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi.

38
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

The largest organ of the body that forms a physical barrier between the external environment and internal environment.

39
Q

What are the 4 functions of the integumentary system?

A
  1. Barrier
  2. Temperature regulation
  3. Excretion of wastes
  4. Sensory interface
40
Q

How much does the skin comprises of the total body weight?

A

12-15%

41
Q

Which systems regulate the concentration of carbon dioxide in the extracellular fluid?

A

The respiratory system with the nervous system

42
Q

Which organs control glucose concentration in the extracellular fluid?

A

The liver and pancreas

43
Q

Where is hemoglobin present?

A

In red blood cells

44
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

It binds to oxygen and transports it through the tissue capillaries releasing oxygen when needed.

45
Q

What is carbon dioxide?

A

A major end product of oxidative reactions in cells.

46
Q

Where are baroreceptors (nerve receptors) located?

A

In the walls of the bifurcation region of the carotid arteries (neck) and in the arch of the aorta (in thorax)

47
Q

What is the effect of an increase in body temperature?

A

Increasing cellular metabolism that destroys the cells.

48
Q

What increase in body temperature can be lethal?

A

11 degrees Fahrenheit or 7 degrees celsius

49
Q

What pH values can be lethal?

A

About 0.5 deviation on either side of the normal value (7.4)

50
Q

What are convulsions (stuiptrekkingen)?

A

Rapid, involuntary muscle contractions that cause uncontrollable shaking and limb movement

51
Q

How many liters of blood does the heart of a healthy human pump per minute?

A

5 liters

52
Q

What are example of good positive feedback?

A

Blood clotting, childbirth and generation of nerve signals.

53
Q

What is adiposity?

A

The state of being fat; obesity

54
Q

What are the 4 sources of physiological differences?

A
  1. Sex
  2. Age
  3. Ethnicity
  4. Racial

Pre-master Geneeskunde (3 decks)

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