Chapter 1

Question 1

Noem zes presocratische Griekse filosofen

Answer 1

1. Thales
2. Pythagoras
3. Heraclitus
4. Zeno
5. Protagoras
6. Hippocrates

Question 2

Presocratische filosoof die bekend werd voor zijn accurate astronomische en meteorologische observaties, en het idee promootte dat water het belangrijkste element was in de kosmos

Answer 2

Thales

Question 3

Presocratische filosoof die een belangrijke school van volgelingen aantrok die de wonderlijke regelmatigheden van de wiskunde ontdekten en benadrukten, en hun relatie met de fysieke wereld

Answer 3

Pythagoras

Question 4

Presocratische filosoof die de soms dubbelzinnige relatie tussen stabiliteit en verandering benadrukte en het idee bevorderde van de eenheid van tegengestelde zaken

Answer 4

Heraclitus

Question 5

Presocratische filosoof die nadacht over het concept van oneindigheid

Answer 5

Zeno

Question 6

Presocratische filosoof die een praktisch standpunt innam en betoogde dat het vruchteloos was om over grote vragen te speculeren. Focuste zich op de menselijke ervaring en gedrag en de controle en manipulatie van gedrag

Answer 6

Protagoras

Question 7

Presocratische filosoof die zich bezighield met menselijke zorgen, maar als een groot arts

Answer 7

Hippocrates

Question 8

An extensive body of medical writings, notable because it regarded diseases as natural phenomena, rather than the results of some sort of demonic or supernatural interference within the course of normal health

Answer 8

Hippocratic Corpus

Question 9

Explains health and illness as the result of the balance or imbalance among four prominent liquid substances

Answer 9

Humoral theory

Question 10

Who proposed the humoral theory?

Answer 10

The Hippocratics

Question 11

What are the four humors found in the human body?

Answer 11

1. blood
2. yellow bile
3. black bile
4. phlegm

Question 12

Something present in a living person but absent from a dead one

Answer 12

Psyche
(soul)

Question 13

Mental philosophy emphasising inborn as opposed to acquired properties

Answer 13

Nativism

Question 14

Mental philosophy emphasising reason

Answer 14

Rationalism

Question 15

Referred to a person’s actual conscious experience of something

Answer 15

Appearance

Question 16

Lying behind each transient individual appearance. The essences of all

Answer 16

Ideal forms

Question 17

The general view that there exists something more fundamental and ultimate, or ‘ideal’, behind everyday sensory experience

Answer 17

Idealism

Question 18

Fundamental issue about how the human mind converts the raw energies of the physical world into conscious sensations and perceptions

Answer 18

Allegory of the caves

Question 19

Which three general types, or classes within society, does the human psyche give rise to?

Answer 19

1. The appetites
2. Courage
3. Reason

Question 20

Needs for physical gratification

Answer 20

The appetites

Question 21

The propensity to confront difficulties with action

Answer 21

Courage

Question 22

The ability to appreciate the underlying realities of the world

Answer 22

Reason

Question 23

The notion that true knowledge comes first and primarily through the processing of sensory experiences of the external world

Answer 23

Empiricism

Question 24

Which two steps had the knowledge acquisition of Aristotle and Theophrastus?

Answer 24

1. Careful and extensive observations
2. Systematic classifications into meaningful groups or categories

Question 25

The arrangement of organisms into hierarchically ordered groups and subgroups

Answer 25

Taxonomy

Question 26

A hierarchical ordering bounded by simple plants at the bottom and human beings at the top

Answer 26

Scale of nature

Question 27

What are the three positions on the scale of nature?

Answer 27

1. Vegetative soul 2. Sensitive soul 3. Rational soul

Question 28

Soul that consists *nourishment* and *reproduction*, the two most fundamental functions of all psyches

Answer 28

Vegetative soul

Question 29

Soul that possesses the additional abilities to move themselves (locomotion) and to react to changing stimuli in their environment (sensation). Higher animals show a further capacity to remember and learn from their sensory experiences (memory). Still higher animals can anticipate the future by imagination

Answer 29

Sensitive soul

Question 30

The final and 'highest' function of the Aristotelian psyche, possessed only by human beings among living things, was the ability to think logically about their remembered or imagined experiences (reason)

Answer 30

Rational soul

Question 31

Name seven categories of the innate set that the human psyche has into which the memories and ideas of empirical experiences are classified and organised

Answer 31

1. Substance 2. Quantity 3. Quality 4. Location 5. Time 6. Relation 7. Activity

Question 32

Philosopher that challenged the notions of infinity and the invoking of the four classical elements

Answer 32

Democritus

Question 33

Theory which held that there *is* a limit to the divisibility of all material objects, and that they are ultimately composed of tiny, solid, unbreakable particles he called *atoms*

Answer 33

Atomic theory

Question 34

Every caused event has to have a purpose

Answer 34

The nature of causality

Question 35

Name the four essential components of caused events

Answer 35

1. A material cause 2. A formal cause 3. An efficient cause 4. A final cause

Question 36

The stuff out of which something is made

Answer 36

Material cause

Question 37

The idea or plan behind the caused thing

Answer 37

Formal cause

Question 38

The actions or interactions that bring the caused thing into being

Answer 38

Efficient cause

Question 39

The purpose for which the thing is caused

Answer 39

Final cause

Question 40

Islamic pioneers whose work with the greatest worldwide and lasting impact was his treatise *On the Use of the Indian Numerals*, about Indo-Arabic numerals

Answer 40

Al-Kindi

Question 41

Islamic pioneer who wrote the seven-volume *Book of Optics*

Answer 41

Alhazen

Question 42

Islamic pioneer who wrote *The Canon of Medicine* and *The Body of the Cure/The Book of Healing*

Answer 42

Avicenna

Question 43

What are three ways in which Socrates, Plato and Aristotle laid essential conceptual foundations for a future science of psychology?

Answer 43

1. They made the very subject of the psyche (the mind) the specific object of analysis and discourse 2. They debated thoughtfully about the specific relationships between the mind and the empirical stimuli that influence it from the outside world. 3. Aristotle attempted to describe the psyche's biological and psychological functions in considerable detail