Chapter 1

Question 1

define organic chemistry

Answer 1

chemistry of carbon compounds

Question 2

define atomic numer

Answer 2

protons

Question 3

define mass number

Answer 3

protons + neutrons

Question 4

define isotope

Answer 4

same atomic number but differing neutrons

Question 5

define valence electrons

Answer 5

electrons on the outermost shell

Question 6

define the Aufbau principle

Answer 6

must fill the lowest energy orbitals first

Question 7

define hunds rule

Answer 7

when there are two or more orbitals of the same energy, electrons will go into different orbital rather than pairing up in the same orbital

Question 8

define ionic bonding

Answer 8

• metal and a nonmetal
• transferring of electrons
• opposite charges attract

Question 9

define covalent bonding

Answer 9

• two or more nonmetals
• electrons are charged

Question 10

define non polar covalent

Answer 10

electrons are shared equally

Question 11

define polar covalent

Answer 11

electrons are not shared equally
(one molecule is more electronegative)

Question 12

formal charge equation

Answer 12

should - has

Question 13

bonding pattern: Carbon

Answer 13

4 bonds

Question 14

bonding pattern: Hydrogen

Answer 14

single

Question 15

bonding pattern: Oxygen

Answer 15

2 bonds, 2 lone pairs

Question 16

bonding pattern: Nitrogen

Answer 16

3 bonds, 1 lone pair

Question 17

define sigma bond

Answer 17

a single bond

Question 18

define a pi bond

Answer 18

• double bond (1 pi bond)
• triple bond (2 pi bonds)

Question 19

define resonance forms

Answer 19

lewis structures that can be interconverted by moving electrons only

Question 20

major resonance for criteria

Answer 20

1. as many octets as possible
2. as many bonds as possible
3. charge on most electronegative atom
4. same charge

Question 21

Number of Carbons prefix: meth-

Answer 21

1

Question 22

Number of Carbons prefix: eth-

Answer 22

2

Question 23

Number of Carbons prefix: pro-

Answer 23

3

Question 24

Number of Carbons prefix: but-

Answer 24

4

Question 25

Number of Carbons prefix: pent-

Answer 25

5

Question 26

Number of Carbons prefix: hex-

Answer 26

6

Question 27

Number of Carbons prefix: hept-

Answer 27

7

Question 28

Number of Carbons prefix: oct-

Answer 28

8

Question 29

Number of Carbons prefix: non-

Answer 29

9

Question 30

Number of Carbons prefix: dec-

Answer 30

10

Question 31

primary carbon

Answer 31

only attached to 1 carbon

Question 32

secondary carbon

Answer 32

attached to 2 carbons

Question 33

tertiary carbon

Answer 33

attached to 3 carbons

Question 34

define iso-

Answer 34

split on the end of a structure

Question 35

define sec-

Answer 35

attached to a secondary carbon

Question 36

define tert-

Answer 36

attached to a tertiary carbon

Question 37

define cis

Answer 37

on the same side of the molecule (ex: 2 wedges)

Question 38

define trans

Answer 38

on opposite sides of the molecule (ex: one wedge and one dash)

Question 39

rules of resonance: cations

Answer 39

- 1 arrow - whole steps - arrows move bond to bond

Question 40

rules of resonance: anions

Answer 40

- 2 arrows - 1/2 steps - arrows move bond to atom and atom to bond

Question 41

arrows go from ____ electron density to ____ electron density in resonance

Answer 41

high, low

Question 42

define VSEPR

Answer 42

Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory

Question 43

sp bond angle

Answer 43

180

Question 44

sp2 bond angle

Answer 44

120

Question 45

sp3 bond angle

Answer 45

109.5

Question 46

single bond and double bond rotation rules

Answer 46

- single bond=allowed to rotate - double bond=CANNOT rotate

Question 47

what would make something more polar?

Answer 47

larger distance of electronegativity between atoms

Question 48

steps to determine hybridization

Answer 48

1. count the number of atoms connected to the central atom 2. count the number of lone pairs on the central atom 3. add these values together - sp = 2 - sp2 = 3 - sp3 = 4

Question 49

define isomer

Answer 49

same molecular formula but differ in arrangement

Question 50

define constitutional isomer

Answer 50

differs in bonding sequence

Question 51

define stereoisomer

Answer 51

cis (same side) vs trans (opposite sides)

Question 52

why would isomers have the same mass?

Answer 52

because they have the same molecular formula