Chapter 3

Question 1

alkane general formula

Answer 1

CnH2n+2

Question 2

alkane naming: 1 Carbon

Answer 2

meth-

Question 3

alkane naming: 2 Carbon

Answer 3

eth-

Question 4

alkane naming: 3 Carbon

Answer 4

pro-

Question 5

alkane naming: 4 Carbon

Answer 5

but-

Question 6

alkane naming: 5 Carbon

Answer 6

pent-

Question 7

alkane naming: 6 Carbon

Answer 7

hex-

Question 8

alkane naming: 7 Carbon

Answer 8

hept-

Question 9

alkane naming: 8 Carbon

Answer 9

oct-

Question 10

alkane naming: 9 Carbon

Answer 10

non-

Question 11

alkane naming: 10 Carbon

Answer 11

dec-

Question 12

alkane naming: 11 Carbon

Answer 12

undec-

Question 13

alkane naming: 12 Carbon

Answer 13

dodec-

Question 14

IUPAC Rules

Answer 14

1. longest chain is the base name
2. number the longest chain beginning by the nearest constituent
3. name the groups and give location, write them in alphabetical order
4. use commas to separate numbers from numbers, dashes to separate letters from numbers

Question 15

describe “iso”

Answer 15

a Y structure, split at the end

Question 16

describe “sec-butyl”

Answer 16

a secondary carbon

Question 17

describe a “tert-butyl”

Answer 17

a tertiary carbon

Question 18

naming multiple groups: 2

Answer 18

di-

Question 19

naming multiple groups: 3

Answer 19

tri-

Question 20

naming multiple groups: 4

Answer 20

tetra-

Question 21

naming multiple groups: 5-10

Answer 21

same as alkane naming

Question 22

cycloalkane general formula

Answer 22

CnH2n

Question 23

__________ compounds are named by attaching the prefix “cyclo” to the root chain

Answer 23

monocyclic

Question 24

when naming a cycloalkane, the root is assigned to __________

Answer 24

the greatest number of carbons

Question 25

when naming a cycloalkane, if there is only 1 substituent, the location can be _____________

Answer 25

omitted

Question 26

what are bicyclic compounds?

Answer 26

composed of 2 distinct rings attached by one bond

Question 27

what are bridged compounds?

Answer 27

unique types of bicyclic molecules composed of 3 rings attached by 2 bridgeheads

Question 28

physical properties of a cycloalkane

Answer 28

- nonpolar - relatively inert - boiling and melting point depend on molecular weight

Question 29

cis (Z)

Answer 29

largest substituents are on the same side

Question 30

trans (E)

Answer 30

largest substituents on opposite sides

Question 31

wedge

Answer 31

towards you

Question 32

dash

Answer 32

away from you

Question 33

how to determine is it is an isomer or conformer based off of cis and trans?

Answer 33

if double bonds are switching locations (cis becomes trans, trans becomes cis) it is an isomer. if single bonds are rotating (cis is still cis, trans is still trans), that is a conformer.

Question 34

trend of boiling point of alkanes

Answer 34

as the number of carbons increase, boiling point increases

Question 35

trend of melting point of alkanes

Answer 35

- melting point increases as the carbon chain increases - even numbers have higher melting point than odd number alkanes

Question 36

newman projection

Answer 36

drawings used to help us visualize all conformers that can be made by rotating a sigma bond

Question 37

newman projection: 0 degrees

Answer 37

eclipsed

Question 38

newman projection: 60 degrees

Answer 38

gauche

Question 39

newman projection: 180 degrees

Answer 39

anti

Question 40

newman projection energy and stability: eclipsed

Answer 40

highest energy, lowest stability

Question 41

newman projection energy and stability: gauche

Answer 41

middle energy, middle stability

Question 42

newman projection energy and stability: anti

Answer 42

lowest energy, most stable

Question 43

conformational energy: CH3/CH3 eclipsed

Answer 43

11 kj/mol

Question 44

conformational energy: CH3/H eclipsed

Answer 44

6 kj/mol

Question 45

conformational energy: H/H eclipsed

Answer 45

4 kj/mol

Question 46

conformational energy: CH3/CH3 gauche

Answer 46

3.8 kj/mol

Question 47

higher the heat of combustion: ___ energy, ___ stability

Answer 47

higher energy, lower stability

Question 48

lower the heat of combustion: ___ energy, ___ stability

Answer 48

lower energy, higher stability

Question 49

straight chains are _______ stable than branches chains

Answer 49

less

Question 50

angle strain

Answer 50

when cyclic tetrahedral bongs are forced out of their ideal bond angle of 109.5 (the smaller the cycloalkane, the more angle strain)

Question 51

torsional strain

Answer 51

exists when neighboring carbons possess hydrogens that overlap in space (eclipse)

Question 52

axial position

Answer 52

vertically parallel to the axis of the ring

Question 53

equatorial position

Answer 53

outward toward equator

Question 54

is axial or equatorial more stable?

Answer 54

equatorial

Question 55

when a chair conformation flips: axial become ______

Answer 55

equatorial

Question 56

when a chair conformation flips: equatorial become ______

Answer 56

axial