Chapter 1

Question 1

John Locke

Answer 1

empiricist philosopher who believed that the mind was a blank slate at birth

Question 2

His theories provided a foundation for structuralism

Answer 2

William Wundt

Question 3

Given credit for conducting the first experiments in psychology

Answer 3

William Wundt

Question 4

Chief proponent of functionalism

Answer 4

William James

Question 5

His textbook Principles of Psychology dominated the field for 50 years

Answer 5

William James

Question 6

Specialty focused on physical and chemical changes that cause and result from behavior and mental processes

Answer 6

Biological psychology

Question 7

Clinical psychology

Answer 7

The psychological perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviors

Question 8

Who nearly singlehandedly founded the study of personality in psychology?

Answer 8

Sigmund Freud

Question 9

Individual differences approach

Answer 9

Recognises the variations between individuals’ characteristic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving

Question 10

Who coined the term “stream of consciousness”?

Answer 10

William James

Question 11

Introspection

Answer 11

Personal observation of your own thoughts, feelings, and behavior

Question 12

Developed psychodynamic theory and its applications to treat psychological disorders

Answer 12

Sigmund Freud

Question 13

Structuralism

Answer 13

The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experience into basic elements

Question 14

Hermann von Helmholtz

Answer 14

His work on the speed of nerve signalling supported that the mind had a physical basis

Question 15

William Wundt is known as the first experimental psychologist, and his perspective is known as

Answer 15

Structuralism

Question 16

Hub sciences

Answer 16

The most influential sciences; strong connections to many different fields

Question 17

Behavior

Answer 17

Any action we can observe

Question 18

Early efforts to study mental processes were generally unsatisfactory because they relied on the use of

Answer 18

Introspection

Question 19

Hermann von Helmholtz’s study

Answer 19

Asked participants to push a button when they felt their thigh being touched vs when the toe was touched

Question 20

He was able to identify the softest sound that a person could hear by randomly presenting sounds of different intensities to which a participant would respond yes or no

Answer 20

Gustav Fechner

Question 21

What were some of Wundt’s first experiments in psychology?

Answer 21

Studied reaction times

Question 22

Voluntarism

Answer 22

Reflects the emphasis on conscious will and choice

Question 23

Structuralism

Answer 23

The idea that the mind can be broken down into the smallest elements of mental experience

Question 24

Was Titchener a
1) functionalist
2) structuralist
3) behaviorist
4) humanist

Answer 24

structuralist

Question 25

Titchener believed that consciousness experience could be broken into three types of mental elements. What were they?

Answer 25

Sensations, images, and feelings

Question 26

Student of Wundt who developed an approach to psychology known as structuralism

Answer 26

Edward Titchener

Question 27

__ psychologists believed that breaking a “whole” perception into building blocks, as advocated by the structuralists, would result in the loss of some important psychological info

Answer 27

Gestalt

Question 28

Max Wertheimer

Answer 28

One of the founders of Gestalt psychology

Question 29

Views behavior as purposeful because it led to survival

Answer 29

Functionalism

Question 30

While the structuralists were interested in __ conscious experience, the functionalists were more interested in __ we had such experiences

Answer 30

describing; explaining why

Question 31

By the 1960s, American psychology was dominated by

Answer 31

Behaviorism

Question 32

Contributed a theory of motivation and ideas about exceptional people to the growing humanistic psychology movement

Answer 32

Abraham Maslow

Question 33

Freud, James, and the behaviorists all believed that

Answer 33

Human behavior was on a continuum with animal behavior

Question 34

Client-centered therapy reflects clients’

Answer 34

equal standing with the therapist and their active role in the therapy process

Question 35

Watson echoed the __ approach

Answer 35

blank slate

Question 36

A strong believer in the blank-slate approach of the earlier empiricist philosophers

Answer 36

John B. Watson

Question 37

Which law did Edward Thorndike propose?

Answer 37

Law of effect

Question 38

Law of effect

Answer 38

Behaviors followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future

Question 39

Skinner boxes

Answer 39

Where Skinner studied behavior or rats and pigeons in adapted cages

Question 40

Cognition

Answer 40

Private and internal mental processes: information processing, thinking, reasoning, and problem solving

Question 41

Responsible for creating the first detailed functional maps of the human brain

Answer 41

Penfield

Question 42

Penfield’s surgical approaches

Answer 42

Stimulating different areas of the brain while the patient was awake

Question 43

Hebb’s rule

Answer 43

neurons that fire together wire together

Question 44

Milner

Answer 44

known for her research examining the contributions of the temporal lobes to memory processing

Question 45

Biological psychology (behavioral neuroscience)

Answer 45

Focuses on the relationships between mind and behavior and their underlying biological processes

Question 46

Evolutionary psychology is a branch of

Answer 46

The biological perspective

Question 47

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 47

Attempts to answer how our physical structure and behavior have been shaped by their contributions to our species’ survival

Question 48

Cognitive psychology

Answer 48

Focuses on the process of thinking, or the processing of information

Question 49

Developmental psychology

Answer 49

Explores the normal changes in behavior that occur across the life span

Question 50

Clinical psychology

Answer 50

Seeks to explain, define, and treat psychological disorders

Question 51

The history of psychology features a

Answer 51

Dramatic underrepresentation of ethnic and racial minorities, and a very short timeline

Question 52

Combining genetics (presence of MAO gene) and exposure to maltreatment allows us to predict

Answer 52

Aggressiveness in youth