Chapter 1: Flashcards
1
Q
What functions are the prefrontal cortex responsible for?
A
- Problem solving, empathy and critical thinking.
- Attention span and impulse control.
2
Q
What functions is the frontal lobe responsible for? What disorders is it associated with?
A
Functions: organizes, plans and controls some movement
Disorders: OCD, ADHD AND depression
3
Q
What functions and disorders are associate with the Basal Ganglia?
A
Functions: Controls anxiety levels and coordinates movement
Disorders: Anxiety, Depression, OCD, Bipolarity an Panic
4
Q
State the functions and disorders associated with the Thalamus
A
Function: Cortex relay center, manages incoming and outgoing signals
Disorders: OCD
5
Q
Cerebellum functions and disorders
A
Function: coordinates fine muscle movement and balance
Disorders: Autism
6
Q
Name 4 possible signs of OCD
A
- Counting things in groups
- Arranging things in a certain way
- Forgetting to do something buy thinking about it still
- Fear of harm.
7
Q
Define the concept “Masturbatory Insanity”
A
It is a form of self-stimulation and a normal part of self-discovery and pleasant sensation seeking.
8
Q
Is masturbating linked to any mental illness?
A
No. The idea was prominent before the 20th century and was debunked.
9
Q
What are the 2 theoretical paradigms?
A
- Psychoanalytic theory (Sigmund Freud)
- Behaviorism (John B. Watson)
10
Q
Give a brief background and explanation on Freud’s Psychoanalytic theory
A
- Freud rejected pessimism when it came to the treatment of children’s mental disorders, so he raised new possibilities for new treatment after making the discovery that most childhood disorders can be traced back to early childhood.
- As much as inborn drives play a role, experience also plays a role in psychopathology.
- According to this theory, personality and mental health outcomes are influenced by multiple factors and not just singular causes (which was a dominant view before the discovery of his psychoanalytic theory.)
11
Q
Give a brief background and explanation on Behaviorism by Watson
A
- It was birthed in the 1900, initially intending to explain Freud’s theories
- The theory emphasizes for example through Little Albert’s case, that human behavior can be predicted and controlled.
- ‘behavior can be learned and unlearned through conditioning’
- controversy later arose, highlighting the contrast between behaviorist principles and Familial practices.
12
Q
When did behavior therapy emerge?
A
1950s to early 1960s
13
Q
What focused on modifying behavior instead of resolving internal conflicts, which contrasted with psychoanalytic approaches?
A
Behavior therapy.
14
Q
State 2 examples of progressive legislation that have been put in place for people with special needs.
A
- IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act) / Public Law 94-124
- UN Convention on the rights of persons with disabilities (2007)
15
Q
What does the IDEA mandate?
A
- Free and public education for children with special needs in the least restrictive environment.
- culturally appropriate assessments despite age
- IEP (Individualised Education Programme) tailored to each child’s needs.
16
Q
What does the UN convention on the rights of persons with disabilities stipulate?
A
- State parties must take measures to ensure that disabled children fully enjoy their human rights and fundamental freedoms like all the other children (equally)
- Disabled children’s best interest shall be a primary consideration.
- State parties must ensure that disabled children are able to freely express themselves on matters that are concerning them and should be provided with relevant assistance to realize that right.
17
Q
What are the 3 ranges of abnormal behavior? Give examples.
A
- Visible and alarming (physical assaults)
- Subtle yet critical (teasing and peer rejection)
- Hidden and systemic (depression and parental rejection.
18
Q
What can help mental health professionals assist children in healthy adaption?
A
Understanding their strengths and abilities
19
Q
What is requires inorder to make judgement on abnormal behavior?
A
Sensitivity to each child’s unique coping methods and how they compensate for difficulties.
20
Q
What is the traditional definition of a psychological disorder?
A
A pattern of behavioral, cognitive, emotional or physical symptoms shown by an individual
21
Q
Explain the 3 prominent features of a psychological disorder
A
- Some degree of distress like fear or sadness
- Some degree of disability in their behavior like impairment that limits physical, emotional, cognitive or behavioral functioning.
- Such disability and distress increases the reason of further suffering / harm like death, pain, important loss of freedom.
22
Q
Define the term ‘stigma’
A
A cluster of negative beliefs and attitudes that motivate fear,rejection, avoidance and discrimination towards people with mental illnesses.
23
Q
On what other basis does stigma bring discrimination?
A
Race, body size, religious beliefs, ethnicity, serial orientation,disabilities, language, etc.
24
Q
What are the implications of stigma on the victim? Like people it mental disorders?
A
Low self-esteem, isolation and hopelessness. Embrassment and shame may also cause them to hide their symptoms or fail to seek treatment.
25
What is the primary purpose of using terms like 'disorder' and 'abnormal behavior' to describe the psychological status of children and adolescents?
To help clinicians and researchers to describe, organize and express the complex features that are associated with the various behavior patterns
26
What is the definition of competence?
Ability to successfully adapt in an environment.
27
How is developmental competence Manifested in children
It's demonstrated by their capacity to use both internal and external resources to achieve successful adaptatio.
28
What are important factors to take into consideration when defining a child's competence
Traditions, beliefs, languages and value systems because successful adaptation varies across cultures and ethnicities
29
State 5 obstacles which significantly influence minority and socio-economically disadvantaged children's adaptation and development
Racism, prejudice, discrimination, oppression an segregation.
30
State 2 factors that should be taken into consideration when making judgments about a child's deviancy
1. The degree of maladaptive behavior that children show
2. The extent to which they achieve no more developmental milestones
31
How do parents, teachers and professionals know whether child is doing well or Guide our expectations on how a child should Behave
By looking at developmental tasks which tell hard children typically progress within each domain as they grow
32
What are developmental tasks?
- broad domains of competence like conduct and academic achievement.
A guide to a Child's developmental progress and impairments
33
Give 3 developmental tasks for a child between infancy and preschool
1. Attachment to caregivers
2. Language
3. Being able to differentiate the self from the environment
34
State 3 developmental tasks for a child in middle childhood
1. Self-control
2. Academic achievement
3. Compliance
4. Getting along with peers
35
State 3 developmental tasks for a child in the adolescent stage
1. Successful transition into secondary schooling
2. Academic achievement
3. Forming close friendships within and across gender
36
What does conduct indicate in a child or an adolescent
It indicates how well a person follows the rules of a particular society
37
What are children expected to be able to do by the time they enter school
They are expected to follow the Class rules and to refrain from harming others
38
State one expectation for children by the time they hit adolescence
They are expected to follow school home and societal rules without any direct supervision
39
What happens in Self domain?
Children initially learn to differentiate themselves from the environment
They gradually develop self-identity and autonomy
40
What is the third aspect of judging deviency
Deciding when a concern or an issue about a child's behavior starts to become a more recognizable pattern
41
What is the definition of developmental pathway
The sequence and timing of particular behaviors over time
42
What is the significance of the concept of developmental pathways?
It allows us to visualize development as an active dynamic process that can account for very different beginnings and outcomes
Simpler: it allows us to see development as an ongoing and change in process who are various beginnings and outcomes are possible
43
Give two examples of developmental pathways
Multifinality and equifinality
44
Define and explain multifinality
Early experiences that leads to different outcomes
For example maltreatment can alter a child initial course of development leading to diverse and unpredicted outcomes like eating and mood and conduct disorders
45
Define and explain equifinality
Refers to when different factors lead to similar outcomes
- children may start out with different strengths and weaknesses but end up with a similar disorder
46
State One sign of conduct disorder
Having a very different early experiences and risk factors but later showing similar behavior patterns
47
Give three possible reasons for equifinality
Generic patterns, familiar characteristics and features of each child's environment
48
Give three assumptions that need to be kept in mind when it comes to disorder outcomes
1. Each individual has got many contributors to disordered outcomes.
2. This contributors very among the individuals with disorders.
3. The pathways is leading to any particular disorder on numerous and interactive and not uni dimensional and static
49
What is the main requirement to defining a psychological disorder
Agreement on particular patterns of behavioral, Cognitive and physical symptoms shown by an individual
50
What is the use of developmental pathways
To help describe the course and nature of abnormal and abnormal development
51
What is a risk Factor
It is a variable that precedes and negative outcome of interest and increases the chances that the outcome will occur
Simplified: something that comes before bad result and makes it more likely to happen
52
What is a protective Factor
A personal or situational aspect or variable that reduces the chances for a child to develop a disorder
53
Which children are more vulnerables to abnormal development?
Children who face many risk factors like community violence and parental divorce
54
What known risk factors increase children's vulnerability to psychopathology especially in the absence of compensatory strengths and Resources
Chronic poverty, serious caregiving deficits, parental mental illness, divorce, homelessness and racial prejudice
55
What are risk factors
They are the opposite of protective factors because they increase the child's likely Hood to develop a problem
56
What key factors place children at a higher risk for the development of disorders at younger ages
New pressures and social change
57
Name 4 stresses that have been around for generations
Chronic poverty inequality family break up and single parenting
58
Name For most dresses there are more recently visible
Homelessness, Adjustment problems for children in immigrant families, Inadequate child care And conditions that are associated with impact of prematurity prenatal HIV or substance and drug abuse
Fetal survival has led to a great number of children with behavior and learning difficulties
59
Name any 3 environmental stresses that may Act as non-specific stressers bring about poor adaptation Or even disorder in vulnerable children
Poverty child abuse lack of safety
60
State any 6 Major factors in the development and expression of child Psychopatology
1. Poverty and social economic disadvantage
2. Low-income
3. Sex differences
4. Race and ethnicity
5. Cultural issues
6. Child maltreatment and non accidental trauma
61
Name 3 telling please that can have A cumulative effect on mental health
Poverty disadvantage and violence
62
Name 5 issues that children from poor and disadvantaged families can suffer more than children who are not
Is chronic illnesses, Conduct disorders, School problems, Emotional disorders and cognitive or learning problems
63
Which part of the brain is responsible for conduct disorders chronic illnesses emotional disorders school problems cognitive or learning problems
The pre frontal cortex
64
What is the reason for conduct disorders chronicgilnesses emotional disorders and cognitive learning problems
Effects on development of the prefrontal cortex. Effects which stem from social inequalities like chronic poverty, resulting in reduced impulse control and judgement.
65
What are 2 possible results of Effects on the prefrontal cortex development.com from chronic poverty
Reduced impulse control and judgment
66
Is economic deprivation the only responsible factor for High rates of disorders explain why
No because many children succeed under harsh circumstances
67
Name 4 negative influences Affecting children's adjustmentthat poverty can be associated with
Is harsh and inconsistent parenting
Elevated exposure to acute and chronic stresses
68
Name 4 psychological disorders that are more common in boys than in girls
Hyperactivity, Autism, Childhood disruptive Behavior disorders learning and communication disorders
69
Which disorders are more common in girls than boys
Anxiety disorders like adolescent depression and eating disorders
70
Give examples in which boys and girls can express aggressive behavior
Boys may Express aggressive behavior more directly for example by fighting and girls may Express it indirectly by spreading rumors
71
Which disorders do both genders express more
Boys show higher rates of early onset disorders that involve some sort of nearer developmental impayment
While girls show more emotional disorders peaking in adolescence.
72
Which disorders do boys show higher rates of ?
1. Reading disorders
2. Autism spectrum disorders
3. ADHD
73
Which disorders do girls show at higher rates?
Depression and eating disorders.
74
Name for generational stressors
75
What does internalizing problems entail
Anxiety depression somatic symptoms and withdraw behavior
76
What does externalizing problems entail
Acting out behaviors like aggression and delinquency
77
What is the use of developmental trajectories of problem behaviors
Say provide a useful basis for identifying deviations from the normal course although they need to be considered in relation to other factors
78
What is resilience in boys associated with
Households with a male role model for example the father grandfather or older brother and the structures and rules and encouragement
79
Water type of households do resilient girls normally come from
A combination of risk taking an independence with support from a female caregiver
80
Name three disorders that certain minor to groups are over represented in
Substance abuse delinquency and teen suicide
81
Which term is used for the exclusion from societies benefits that minority children and youths face
Marginalization
82
What are the results of marginalization
1. A sense of alienation
2. Loss of social cohesion and
3. rejection of the norms of the largest Society
83
Give one reason why children express their problems differently across cultures
Because the meaning of children's social behavior is influenced by their cultural beliefs and values
84
Which disorders are less susceptible to cultural influence
Disorders with a strong neurological basis like ADHD and autism spectrum disorder
