Chapter 1 Flashcards by Adam Mahood

________ - change over time in organic structure or behaviour

evolution

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Theory that species progress towards a higher form; “struggle for life” causes adaptations; inheritance of acquired characteristics; explains adaptations

Lamarckian Evolution

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Theory that species are replaced following catastrophic events; explains extinction

Cuvier’s Catastrophism

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“Origin of Species” came out in the year _____; presented the theory of natural selection

1859

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“The Descent of Man” came out in the year ____; filled in the gaps of natural selection

1874

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Was also a naturalist; came up with the same basic theory of Darwin using different observations

Alfred Russell Wallace

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He did not originally believe in natural selection until reading Darwin’s book; then began to defend the theory in public

Thomas Henry Huxley

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3 Principles of Drawinian Evolution

Variation; Inheritance; Selection

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_________ - when there are differences between species

variation

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_________ - when some of the differences in a species are inheritable

inheritance

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_________ - organisms exist in larger number of quantities than their environment can sustain

selection

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_________ - Selection that comes from humans; explains domestication of plants and animals

Artificial Selection

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__________ - Selection comes from the environment; explains specitation, extinction, adaptation

Natural Selection

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3 Selection types

Stablizing, Directional, Disruptive

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Favors individuals in the middle of the bell curve; causes bell curve to get narrower; ex: risk taking

stablizing selection

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Favors individuals on one tail of the bell curve; occurs when a new selection pressure is introduced; causes mean to shift; ex: brain size

directional selection

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Favors indidivuals on both tails of the bell curve; less likely to occur; can lead to two different species; ex: male and female sex gammates

disruptive selection

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_______________ - selection comes from own species; explains sexual diamorphism; focuses on adaptations arising from successful mating not survival

sexual selection

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_______________ - members of one sex compete to mate with members of opposite sex; usually occurs with males

intrasexual selection

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____________ - members of one sex choose members of opposite sex based on preferred characteristics; usually occurs in females

intersexual selection

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________ = autosomes + sex chromosomes

karyotype

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__________ - changes in normal number of chromosomes

aneuploidies

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2 DNA pairs

Adenine - thymine; Guanine - Cytosine

__________ - 30,000 functional genes; 55% expressed in the human brain; one gene can affect many different aspects of a person; genes can interact with each other

exons

__________ - 97% of human DNA is non-coding; can turn a gene on or off

introns

______ & ______ define a "gene"

promoter & stop regions

__________ - one of 2+ versions of a gene

allele

___________ - alleles that differ by a single base or nucleotide (following mutation); occurs once every 1500 bases

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

___________ - allels that differ because of inversions; insertions; deletions; duplications (following mutation); surprisingly common

copy number polymorphisms (CNP)

__________ explanations: __________ - how the behaviour works

proximate; mechanism

___________ explanations: _________ - why the behaviour exists

ultimate; function

__________ - explanations: __________ - changes in the individuals across the lifespan

ontological; development

________ - explanations: ________ - changes in the organism across generations

phylogenetic; evolution

Approach that suggested life preservation & sexual instincts (life & death instincts); function of the unconcious

Freudian Approach

Approach that suggested that humans have many instincts; function of consciousness

Functionalism Approach

Approach that focused on stimulus-response associations; mind is a "black box"; environmental determinism; people are blank slates; general ability to learn is only instinct

Behaviourism Approach

Approach that reintroduced the mind to psychology; brain is the "hardware"; mind is the "software"; mind processes all information equally

Cognitive Revolution

Model that claims human though and behaviour their own providence; human behaviour divided among different disciplines with little interdisciplinary communication; mind is a general purpose information processor; ignores ultimate and phylogenetic explanations; person as a blank slate

Standard Social Science Model

Approach that says the mind is a collection of programs (modules); specialized software (domain specific); product of natural selection; mind processes some information better than others

Evolutionary Psychology

__________ - proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behaviour Examples: - Imprinting (Konrad Lorenz) - Attachment (John Bowlby)

ethology

_________ - Extended the ethology approach to human behaviour (culture art, ethics, religion) Examples: - Edward O. Wilson - Social sciences emphasized learning and socialization

Sociobiology

__________ - Psychology that studies adaptive value of psychological mechanisms

Evolutionary Psychology

___________ - Psychology about comparisons made across species (humans, chimps, gorillas)

Comparative Psychology

Explain the "Evolution = Genetic Determinism" misconception

- Genes code for proteins, not behaviour - Selection comes from the environment - Adaptations evolve to help orgnaisms deal with environmental challenges

Explain the "Evolved Behaviour is Inflexible" misconception

- Behaviour requires environmental input - Must know the cause of behaviour to modify it

Explain the "Adaptations are optimally designed" misconception

- Designed to solve problems in the ancestral environment, not the modern environment - Developmental constraints - Costs must be outweighed by benefits

Explain the "Cultural Differences prove there are no universals" misconception

- Psychological mechanisms are universal - Behaviour is variable

Explain the "Humans evolved from monkeys" misconception

- Chimps are not monkeys - Humans evolved from a common ancestor with chimps (and monkeys)

Explain the "Humans are an advanced/higher/more evolved species" misconception

- Evolution is not goal directed - Humans are different from other species, no better no worse - Other species have culture, language, memory, etc.

deleterious mutation ------> __________ selection

negative

neutral mutation -------> ____________ selection

advantageous mutation -----------> _________ selection

positive

___________ - random changes in genetic makeup of a population

genetic drift

process of genetic drift; random hereditary changes in DNA

mutation

process of genetic drift; a small population establishes a new colony with different genetic makeup

founder effects

process of genetic drift; population shrinks due to catastrophes, carrying only a subset of the original genes

genetic bottle necks