CHAPTER 1 Flashcards
1
Q
-it refers to something wrong in time and in place.
A
ANACHRONISM
2
Q
- This means that the forger has trouble matching the paper, ink, or writing materials to the exact date it was Supposed to have been written.
A
ANACHRONISM
3
Q
means “against”
A
ANA
4
Q
means “time”
A
KHRONOS
5
Q
-These are sheets of interlaced fibers-usually cellulose fibers from plants but sometimes from cloth rags or other fibrous materials, that is formed by pulping the fibers and causing to felt, or mat, to form a solid surface.
A
PAPER
5
Q
-Certain papers are marked with a translucent design
A
WATERMARK
6
Q
____________ Impressed in them during the course of their manufacture.
A
WATERMARK
7
Q
–not an ink, it is part of the paper
A
WATERMARK
8
Q
- Any material used primarily for writing or recording such as papers, cardboard, board papers, Morocco paper, etc.
A
WRITING MATERIALS
9
Q
–not only limited to paper, consider every able or any surfaces that can be absorbed ink or scratch
A
WRITING MATERIALS
10
Q
The common (probable) questioned on paper is its ______
A
AGE
11
Q
-This came into use about 3,500 B.C.-people of Egypt, Palestine, Syria, and Southern Europe used the pith (soft spongy tissue of the stem) of the sedge (grass-like herb)
A
PAPYRUS
12
Q
–“paper plant” or “paper made from it”
A
PAPYRUS
13
Q
–papyrus real name is
A
CYPERUS PAPYRUS
14
Q
to make a writing material known as PAPYRUS
A
CYPERUS PAPYRUS
15
Q
-writing material made from skin of animals primarily of sheep, calves or goats was probably developed in the Middle East more or less contemporaneously with papyrus.
A
PARCHMENT
15
Q
PARCHMENT
-writing material made from skin of animals primarily of ____, ____ or _____
A
sheep, calves or goats
16
Q
-It came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.
A
PARCHMENT
17
Q
Parchment came into wide use only in the 2nd century B.C. in the city of
A
PERGAMUM in ANATOLIA.
18
Q
-writing materials from fine skins from young calves or kids
A
VELLUM
19
Q
was often Used for all kind of parchment manuscripts
A
VELLUM
20
Q
-it became the most important writing material for bookmaking
A
VELLUM
21
Q
_____ became the most important writing material for bookmaking, while _____ continued for special manuscripts.
A
- VELLUM
- PARCHMENT
22
Q
-Almost every able surface that would retain the marks of brush or pen was also used as a _____ during the early period.
A
writing material
22
It is widely claimed that invention of paper is generally attributed to a Chinese court official, ___________, in about A D. 105.
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
23
-He is the first to succeed in making paper from vegetable fibers, tree barks (mulberry tree), rags, old fish netting.
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
23
--born in the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 50), he was raised in a poor family and served as a COURT EUNUCH from AD 75
CAI LUN (TSAI LUN)
24
- means “SERVANT or STATES”
EUNUCH
25
had a long history of writing on bamboo and wooden slips with alternatives such as writing on SILK AND CLOTH which were too expensive for widespread uses
CHINA
26
CHINA had a long history of writing on bamboo and wooden slips with alternatives such as writing on ______ which were too expensive for widespread uses
SILK AND CLOTH
27
--Attempting to address the issue, he boiled BAMBOO, HEMP WASTE (means “MARIJUANA”), OLD RAGS, FISHNETS AND TREE BARKS to a pulp which was then beaten before missing it with water. After processing the resulting mixture with wooden sieves, the excess water was removed to make dried paper
CAI LUN/ TSAI LUN
27
What did Cai Lun boiled to make a paper?
BAMBOO, HEMP WASTE, OLD RAGS, FISHNETS AND TREE BARKS
28
HEMP WASTE means
“MARIJUANA”
29
---Paper making from CHINA TO
japan
30
The art of paper making was kept secret for _____ years: the JAPANESE acquired it in the 7th century A.D.
500
31
The art of paper making was kept secret for 500 years: the _______ acquired it in the 7th century A.D.
JAPANESE
32
- name of Japan paper
WASHI
33
NA.D. 751, the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by _____
MARAUDING CHINESE
34
they are the Chinese taken as prisoners were skilled in paper making and were forced by the city Governor to build and operate a paper mill
MARAUDING CHINESE
35
became the paper making center of the Arab world.
SAMARKAND
35
____ the Arab city of Samarkand was attacked by MARAUDING CHINESE and some Chinese taken as prisoners were skilled in paper making and were forced by the city Governor to build and operate a paper mill and SAMARKAND soon became the paper making center of the Arab world.
NA.D. 751
35
Knowledge of papermaking traveled _______, spreading throughout the Middle East, the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
westward
36
Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East, the ______ led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
Moorish invasion of Spain
37
Knowledge of papermaking traveled westward, spreading throughout the Middle East, the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention ______ or erection of the first European paper mill, of JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
A.D. 1150
38
the Moorish invasion of Spain led to the invention (A.D. 1150) or erection of the first European paper mill, of ____, province of _______
JATIVA, province of VALENCIA
38
they are the MUSLIM or ARAB
MOORISH
39
they marry Spanish people. Their descendants are called MOONS
ARAB BERBER INVADERS
40
ARAB BERBER INVADERS marry Spanish people. Their descendants are called
MOONS
40
Knowledge of the technology spread quickly and by _____, paper was manufactured throughout most of Europe
16TH CENTURY
41
The first paper mill in England was established in?
1495
41
The first mill was built in America in?
1690
41
this country is under the Colony of the England
AMERICA
42
The first practical machine was made in what year?
1798
43
The first practical machine was made in 1798 by the French Inventor
NICHOLAS LOUIS ROBERT
44
The machine made by him reduced the cost of paper it supplants the hand-molding process in paper manufacture.
NICHOLAS LOUIS ROBERT
44
- means “substitute”
SUPPLANTS
45
Roberts machine was improved by the British stationers and brothers ________, who in 1803 produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
HENRY FOURDRINIER AND SEALY FOURDRINIER
46
Roberts machine was improved by the British stationers and brothers HENRY FOURDRINIER AND SEALY FOURDRINIER, who in _____ produced the first of the machines that bear their name.
1803
47
The solution of the problem of making paper from cheap raw material was achieved by the introduction of the _______ of pulp making about 1840 and the first of the chemical pulp processes approximately ten years later.
groundwood process
48
The solution of the problem of making paper from cheap raw material was achieved by the introduction of the groundwood process of pulp making about ______ and the first of the chemical pulp processes approximately ten years later.
1840
49
-This was introduced in the 19th century for bleaching and colored linen could already be manufactured for paper.
CHLORINE
49
What century did chlorine was introduced
19th century
50
-is one widely used as delignification/ bleaching agent in the pulp and paper industry, providing a high-quality, low-cost delignification and bleaching process
CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CIO2)
51
This is a grass grown in Libya, also in Spain and North Africa was fest introduced in England in 1861.
ESPARTO
52
Esparto was first introduced in England in?
1861
53
-This was used to make paper in 1800.
STRAW
53
Straw was used to make paper in?
1800
54
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until 1869 and paper called ____ (modern type) was first used between 1880 and 1890.
SULPHITE
54
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until 1869 and paper called SULPHITE (modern type) was first used between ____ and ____
1880 and 1890
55
-Letters dated A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated AD 1890.
OLDEST MANUSCRIPT
56
- This is a paper from wood was not attempted until ___ and paper called SULPHITE (modern type) was first used between 1880 and 1890.
1869
57
-Letters dated ____ have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated AD 1890.
A.D. 874
58
The age of the document may be estimated from paper. Four cases were reported by ____ where the age of the document was established from the compositor/composition of the paper.
Lucas
59
-Letters dated A.D. 874 have been found in Egypt and the oldest manuscript in England on cotton paper dated _____.
AD 1890
60
a document dated ______ was found to be written on paper composed entirely of chemically prepared wood cellulose. Considering that this type of paper was not introduced not until about 60 years later, the document is obviously a fake one.
1213 A.H. (A.D. 1798)
61
a figure or design incorporated into paper during its manufacture and appearing lighter than the rest of the sheet when viewed in transmitted light.
WATERMARK
62
-a brand put on the paper by the manufactures.
WATERMARK
63
-The earliest way of identifying the date of manufacture of the paper is by the
WATERMARK
64
what are the things that was put on the watermark?
NAME OF THE AUTHOR, COUNTRY, DATE PUBLISHED AND LOGO
65
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ____ around 1270, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by MUSLIMS from the Middle East.
ITALY
65
HOW IS WATERMARK MADE?
-It is made when the semi-fluid paper pulp (mixture off cotton or other fibers) was being drained on a grid of laid warp) and chain (wool) wires.
-Fine wires forming the desired design were lied on top of the grid and impressed into the pulp.
-This impression made the paper thinner, and therefore, more transparent, where it appeared.
65
-The watermark was made when the semi-fluid paper pulp (mixture off cotton or other fibers) was being drained on a
grid of laid warp) and chain (wool) wires.
66
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ITALY around ____, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by MUSLIMS from the Middle East.
1270
67
-Watermarks first appeared on papers produced in ITALY around 1270, less than 100 years after the art of paper making was introduced to Europe by _____ from the Middle East.
MUSLIMS
68
-Early in the 19th century, paper makers began to solder the watermark wires to the grid frame, thus insuring _______ and _______
94 uniformity of impression and aiding in the detection of counterfeiting and forgery.
69
-The first British postage stamps of ____ bore a watermark, but stamps of the United States were not so marked until 1895.
1840
70
-The first British postage stamps of 1840 bore a watermark, but stamps of the United States were not so marked until ____.
1895
71
-When paper began to be machine-made, the watermark wiring was simply transferred to the grid cover of the
DANDY ROLL
72
CONCEPT OF DOCUMENT'S AGE DETECTION THRU WATERMARKS
a. Usually, watermarks are requested by their owners/manufacturers with the PATENT OFFICE
b. If present, WATERMARK is one of the most reliable means of tracing the age of the paper. However, the questioned documents examiner's finding is limited only to the APPROXIMATE DATE (YEAR) of the paper manufacture.
c. In determining the age of the paper by watermarks. It is necessary to ascertain the owner of the watermark in question or its manufacturer.
d. Obviously, document is fraud if it contains a watermark which was not in existence at the time the document purports to have been executed.
72
- a turning cylinder that passed over the paper.
DANDY ROLL
73
watermarks are requested by their owners/manufacturers with the
PATENT OFFICE
73
WATERMARK is one of the most reliable means of tracing the age of the paper. However, the questioned documents examiner's finding is limited only to the _____ of the paper manufacture.
APPROXIMATE DATE (YEAR)
73
is one of the most reliable means of tracing the age of the paper. However, the questioned documents examiner's finding is limited only to the APPROXIMATE DATE (YEAR) of the paper manufacture.
WATERMARK
74
Obviously, document is _____ if it contains a watermark which was not in existence at the time the document purports to have been executed.
fraud
74
In determining the age of the paper by watermarks. It is necessary to ascertain the ____ of the watermark in question or its ______
OWNER OR MANUFACTURER
75
-One way of tracing the age of the paper is through the observance of the changes in its physical characteristics
DISCOLORATION
76
--not accurate to determine the age of the paper dahil there are different reasons why this paper is
DISCOLORATION
76
--not accurate as watermark
DISCOLORATION
77
- Naturally a paper will discolor after a _____ due to numerous environmental factors such as moisture temperature dust etc.
passage of time
78
- Naturally a paper will _____ after a passage of time due to numerous environmental factors such as moisture temperature dust etc.
DISCOLORATION
79
6 CAUSES OF DISCOLORATION
1. Due to process of oxidation brought about by natural means.
2. Brown spots due to mode that are very obvious characteristics both in appearance and distribution.
3. Exposure to dust and dirt.
4. Occasional staining of fruit juice grease
5. Excrete of rats, mice and other insects
6. May a so due to heal, partial burning etc.
79
-In case of papers out of wood pup they start to discolor at edges from?
2 to 3 years
80
_____ papers they are very old before discoloration starts.
RUG SHIP QUALITY papers
81
WHAT IS THE DETAILED EXAMINATION OF WRITING MATERIAL?
1. Collect standard document from the issuing institution, company or individual and compare. Consider the physical characteristics of both questioned and standard documents such as the size, the thickness, the surface (glossiness, opacity, etc.) and the general texture of the paper
2. Check with the issuing put institution, company or individual about the dissimilarity of writing material used in the questioned document
3. Conduct further physical or chemical examination such as folding endurance test. folding test bursting test, etc.
82
- means “intro of oxygen to the paper”
OXIDATION
83
means “genuine document”
STANDARD DOCUMENT
84
-They are known writings which indicate how a person writes.
STANDARD
85
-A writer manifests fixed habits in his writings that identify him.
STANDARD
86
- A tool for writing or drawing with a colored fluid, such as ink;
PEN
86
-In questioned documents investigation, we mean those things whose origins are known and can be proven, and which can be legally used as examples to compare with other matters in question.
STANDARD
87
TYPES OF HANDWRITING “STANDARDS”
1. COLLECTED STANDARDS
2. REQUEST STANDARDS
3. POST LITEM MOTAN EXEMPLARS
87
- One quality of the nib pen is its ______ which varies in different pens and can be measured by the amount of pressure necessary to cause a spreading of the nibs or a given degree of shading.
pliability
87
FLEXIBILITY MEANS
PLIABILITY
87
VISCOUS means
sticky or thick
87
- is a fluid or viscous marking material used for writing or printing.
INK
88
a writing instrument used to apply inks to the paper is a
PEN
88
-It came from the Latin word "PENNA" meaning
FEATHER
89
-It came from the Latin word "PENNA" meaning feather.
PEN
90
--any hard materials used to scratch a writing material
WRITING INSTRUMENTS/ WRITING IMPLEMENTS
90
- The two divisions or points which from the writing portion of a pen
PEN NIBS
90
this reed pen was first used in _____ on papyrus and later on parchment.
NEAR EAST
91
--a.k.a “PEN POINT”
PEN NIBS
92
-manual devices used to make alphanumeric marks on or in a surface
WRITING INSTRUMENTS/ WRITING IMPLEMENTS
93
_____ of the pen nib determines the width of the strokes
PLIABILITY/ FLEXIBILITY
93
-It was the first writing tool that had the writing end slightly frayed like a brush.
REED PENS/SWAMP REED
94
---when the pen point is stiff, the stroke of the pen will be
pointed
95
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF WRITING INSTRUMENTS
A. REED PENS/SWAMP REED
B. QUILL PEN
C. STEEL POINT PENS/ BRAZEN PENS
D. FOUNTAIN PENS
E. BALL POINT PEN
F. FIBER TIP PENS
G. FELT-TIP PEN/ FELT TIP MARKERS
96
- It came from especially selected water grasses found in Egypt, Armenia and along the shores of the Persian Gulf, were prepared by leaving them under dung heaps for several months.
REED PENS/SWAMP REED
97
was first used in NEAR EAST on papyrus and later on parchment.
REED PENS/SWAMP REED
98
Reed pens came from especially selected water grasses found in ________
Egypt, Armenia and along the shores of the Persian Gulf
99
Reed pens were prepared by leaving them under _____ for several months.
dung heaps
100
are the watery areas
SWAMP
101
can be made from the outer wing feathers of any bird, those of goose, swan, crow and (later) turkey, were preferred.
QUILL PEN
102
- this tool was the principal writing implement for nearly 1300 YEARS.
QUILL PEN
103
quill pens can be made from the outer wing feathers of?
any bird, those of goose, swan, crow and (later) turkey
104
-The earliest reference (6th century AD) to quill pens was made by the Spanish Theologian
ST. ISIDORE OF SEVILLE
105
What century did quill penn was made
6th century AD
106
Quill pen was the principal writing implement for nearly
1300 YEARS.
107
-To make a quill pen, a wing feather is first hardened by ______ gradually.
heating or letting it dry out
108
The hardened quill is then cut to a broad edge with a
special pen knife
109
-The writer had to re-cut the quill pen ____ to maintain its edge.
frequently
110
-By the ______, the width of the edge had diminished and the length of the slit had increased creating a flexible point that produced thick and thin strokes by pressure on the point rather than by the angle at which the broad edge was held.
18th century
111
he mentions brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing manual
mentions brass pens for very large writing in his 1548 writing manual
111
-The earliest mention of "BRAZEN PENS" was in
1465
112
they were the largest producers of quill.
POLAND, GERMANY, RUSSIA, AND THE NETHERLANDS
113
-The 16th century Spanish calligrapher _____ mentions brass pens
JUAN DE YCIAR
114
the use of this pens did not become widespread until the early part of the 19th century.
STEEL POINT PENS/ BRAZEN PENS
114
this is sturdy than the reed pen and quill penn
STEEL POINT PEN/ BRAZEN PEN
115
He is not the developer of the Steel point pen, he was only credited due to stating the use of this pen
Juan De Yciar
116
His manual differed from theirs in its inclusion of advice for teachers as well as for students.
JUAN DE YCIAR
117
-was the first in Spain to publish a copybook, the RECOPILACION SUBTILISSIMA (1548) or called as the "Most Delicate Compilation"
JUAN DE YCIAR
118
-Two years later he published his ARTE SUBTILISSIMA (1550) in English "The Most Delicate Art” in which he acknowledged his debt to the printed books of Arrighi, Tagliente, and Palatino.
JUAN DE YCIAR
119
he showed a variety of formal and informal hands and decorative alphabets.
JUAN DE YCIAR
120
JUAN DE YCIAR
121
JUAN DE YCIAR publish a copybook called
RECOPILACION SUBTILISSIMA or "Most Delicate Compilation"
121
RECOPILACION SUBTILISSIMA called as the "Most Delicate Compilation" what year it was publish
1548
122
2 years after, JUAN DE YCIAR publish a copybook called
ARTE SUBTILISSIMA or "The Most Delicate Art”
122
in this book he acknowledged his debt to the printed books of Arrighi, Tagliente, and Palatino.
ARTE SUBTILISSIMA or "The Most Delicate Art”
123
he published his ARTE SUBTILISSIMA (1550) in English "The Most Delicate Art” in which he acknowledged his debt to the printed books of
Arrighi, Tagliente, and Palatino.
123
-The first patented steel pen point was made by the English engineer in 1803?
BRYAN DONKIN
124
ARTE SUBTILISSIMA or "The Most Delicate Art” what year it was publish?
1550
125
is the owner or maker of the Steel Point Pen
BRYAN DONKIN
126
-The leading 19th century English Steel point pen manufacturers were?
WILLIAM JOSEPH GILLOT, WILLIAM MITCHELL, AND JAMES STEPHEN PERRY
127
Following variants of the steel point are the
POINTED EDGE, FLAT EDGE AND THE FOLLOWING
128
--this pen is perfect for CALLIGRAPHY or the art of making letters
Steel point pen/ brazen pen
129
-In 1884, a New York insurance agent, patented the first practical FOUNTAIN PEN containing its own ink reservoir.
LEWIS WATERMAN
130
-this pen containing its own ink reservoir.
FOUNTAIN PENS
131
he invented a mechanism that fed ink to the pen point by capillary action, allowing ink to flow evenly while writing.
LEWIS WATERMAN
132
is a modem nib which contains a reservoir of ink in a specially designed chamber.
fountain pen
132
- By the 1920's, the _____ was the chief writing Instrument in the west and remained so until the Introduction of the ball point pen after WORLD WAR II.
fountain pen
133
-patented the first ball point writing tool which has in its point a small rotating metal ball that continually inks itself as it turns.
JOHN LOUD
134
this pen has in its point a small rotating metal ball that continually inks itself as it turns.
BALL POINT PEN
135
-The ball is set into a tiny socket, in the center of the socket is a hole that feeds ink to the socket from a long tube (reservoir) inside the pen.
BALL POINT PEN
136
did not write well; they tended to skip, and the slow-drying oil- based ink smudged easily.
BALL POINT PEN
137
-In 1938, the Hungarian Inventor brothers ________ invent a viscous, oil-based ink that could be used with such a pen. Hence, they are attributed for the invention of the first practical ballpoint pen.
LADISLAO and GEORG BIRO
138
universal writing tool.
BALL POINT PEN
138
the ball-point pen had several advantages over the fountain pen. This are the following"
a. the ink was waterproof and almost un-erasable;
b. the ball point pen could write on many kinds of surfaces;
c. could be hold in almost any position for writing; and
d. the pressure required to feed the ink was ideal for making carbon copies.
139
-Ink formulas were improved for smoother flow and faster drying
BALL POINT PEN
140
replaced the fountain pen as the universal writing tool.
BALL POINT PEN
141
-the first practical fiber tip pen was invented by
YUKIO HORIE
142
- In 1963, _______ were introduced into the U.S. market and have since challenged the ball point as the principal writing implement.
fiber tip pen
142
it was deally suited to the strokes of Japanese writing, which is traditionally done with a pointed ink brush
FIBER TIP PENS
143
-the first practical fiber tip pen was invented by YUKIO HORIE of Japan in
1962
143
- the tip is made of fine nylon or other synthetic fiber drawn to a point and fastened to the barrel of the pen.
FIBER TIP PEN
144
can produce a wide range of colors unavailable in ball point and fountain pen inks.
FIBER TIP PEN
144
-Unlike its predecessors, this pen uses dye as a writing fluid.
FIBER TIP PEN
145
-These are made of dense natural or artificial fibers impregnated with a dye.
FELT-TIP PEN/ FELT TIP MARKERS
146
-These markers can be cut to a variety of shapes and sizes, some up to an inch in width.
FELT-TIP PEN/ FELT TIP MARKERS
147
-A modification of the ball point pen using a liquid dye fed to a metal/plastic ball was Introduced in the U.S. from Japan in 1973.
FELT-TIP PEN/ FELT TIP MARKERS
148
-The oldest form of ink consisted of a suspension of carbon black (soot or lampblack) in water to which glue or a vegetable gum was added.
INDIAN INKS
148
-Inks of these compositions are still on the market mostly in the shape of sticks or cakes
INDIAN INKS
149
-These inks which were used extensively about a century ago, have now because obsolete and are no longer manufactured.
LOG WOOD INKS
150
-These inks will be found only on old documents.
LOG WOOD INKS
151
-Under the name of chrome ink a black ink was discovered by Runge, which held out the promise of cheapness combined with many excellent qualities.
LOG WOOD INKS
152
-Under the name of chrome ink a black ink was discovered by _____, which held out the promise of cheapness combined with many excellent qualities.
Runge
152
- This ink has been used as writing for over a thousand vears.
-Formerly it was made of a fermented infusion of gall nuts to which iron salts were added.
IRON GALLOTANATE INKS
153
-These inks are regarded as “special fountain pen inks”
FOUNTAIN PEN INKS
154
- consisting of ordinary iron gallotannate inks with a lower iron content in most cases but with a higher dyestuff content than normal inks.
FOUNTAIN PEN INKS
155
-This type of ink is placed on the market under the name of “BLUE-BLACK PERMANENT”
FOUNTAIN PEN INKS
156
Fountain pen ink is placed on the market under the name of
“BLUE-BLACK PERMANENT”
157
- These inks are composed of aqueous solutions of synthetic dyestuffs, to which a preservative and a flux are added.
DYESTUFF INKS
158
-The writing qualities of the ink are improved by addition of substances such as glycerol, glucose or dextrin.
DYESTUFF INKS
159
- These inks are special group of dyestuff inks.
WATER RESISTANT WRITING AND DRAWING INKS
159
-They consist of a pigment paste and a solution of shellac made soluble in water by means of borax, liquid ammonia or ammonium bicarbonate.
WATER RESISTANT WRITING AND DRAWING INKS
160
These inks very much resemble stamp pad inks and are exclusively made with basic dyes.
HECTOGRAPH INKS
160
-The development of the present pen was accomplished during World War ll because the Army and the Air Force needed a writing instrument which would not leak at high altitude and which supplied quick drying water resistant writing.
BALLPOINT PEN INKS
160
-Sometimes the pigment suspension is combined with acid or basic dyestuff.
WATER RESISTANT WRITING AND DRAWING INKS
160
did not appear on the European market before 1945.
BALLPOINT PEN INKS
160
-They are made with the acid of substances such as glycerol glycol, acetin or benzyl alcohol and water.
STAMP PAD INKS
161
-Airline dyes are added as coloring matter.
STAMP PAD INKS
162
-To the dyestuff solution several other substances are added such as glycerol, acetic acid and acetone
HECTOGRAPH INKS
162
-These Inks are usually composed of a blend of aniline dyes, carbon black and oil such as castor oil.
TYPEWRITER RIBBON INKS
163
-These inks often contain carbon and this fact should be burned in mind when it is required to decipher faint cancellation marks on a postage stamp and wrappers.
CANCELLING INKS
163
-often consist of a mixture of colored pigments, carbon black and a "base" which may consist of oil, re-sins, synthetic resins or a mixture of these.
PRINTING INKS
163
- These are manufactured by W.A. CHAFFER PEN COMPANY since 1955.
SKRIP INK
164
SKRIP INK are manufactured by W.A. CHAFFER PEN COMPANY since
1955
164
-The inks contain a substance which is colorless in visible light and has a strong affinity for the fibers of the paper, and yet is not bleached by hypochlorite ink eradicators or washed out by soaking on water.
SKRIP INK
