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Clinical Phonetics > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Using a system of symbols to that accurately and reliably represent the sounds of a language

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2
Q

Phonology

A

The sound system of the language: the structure and function of the sounds of a language

  1. group of specific sounds used in that language
  2. permissible variations of those sounds when produced
  3. particular rules for combining those sounds

consonants and vowels Make up a phonology system

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3
Q

Phonotactics

A

Phonological rules that dictate what positions in the syllable a phonetic segment is permitted to occupy and how the sounds can combine

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4
Q

Acoustic Phonetics

A

physical properties of sound (frequency, amplitude, duration)

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5
Q

Articulatory Phonetics

A

physiological or informational or descriptive - How and where sounds are produced in the dynamic vocal tract

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6
Q

perceptual phonetics

A

study of how we hear and interpret speech sounds

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7
Q

Informational domain

A

knowledge about speech sounds. first phoneme in above and final phoneme in sofa is the most frequently-occurrring speech sound in the English language

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8
Q

Perceptual Domain

A

How we perceive and discriminate productions of speech sounds

emphasizes listening (perceptual discrimination) of speech sounds and then describing using phonetic symbols (phonetic transcription)

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9
Q

Linguistic Complexity

A

divides speech into isolation, word, sentence, conversation or continuous speech

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10
Q

response complexity

A

one sound or multiple sounds

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11
Q

system complexity

A

phonetic transcription, two-way scoring, 5-way scoring

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12
Q

phonetic transcription

A

describing what the client says
more complex than the 2 or 5 way scoring
international phonetic alphabet
broad or narrow transcription

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13
Q

Consonants (closed sounds)

A

speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through the vocal tract encoountering constriction or obstruction

singleton - bat (consonants by themselves)
sequence - stops (consonants in a series - this is also called cluster example vs .across syllables “husband”)

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14
Q

Articulators

A

lips, front teeth, lower jaw, tongue, velum -obstruct or modify the outgoing breath stream to produce these types of sounds

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15
Q

vowels

A

speech sounds produced as a results of air moving through a relatively open vocal tract

nucleus of a syllable
most acoustic energy
referred to as the peak of the syllable egdgsfsd

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16
Q

syllable

A

unit of pronunciation consisting of a vowel sound alone or a vowel sound with the consonants that precede or follow it

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17
Q

prevocalic consonants (onset)

A

consonants that come before the vowel

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18
Q

postvocalic consonants (coda)

A

consonants that come after the vowel

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19
Q

Rime

A

= nucleus/peak (vowel) + coda

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20
Q

Phonogram

A

Written representation of the rime

E.G. “Ap” for map, tap, nap

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21
Q

Open syllables

A

Any syllable that ends with a vowel sound; no coda present

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22
Q

Closed syllable

A

Any syllable ending with a consonant sound - these have a coda

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23
Q

Simple syllables

A

Contain no consonants or only singleton consonants

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24
Q

Complex syllables

A

Contains at least one sequence

E.g. ask, spy, sprint

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25
Phoneme
Smallest unit of sound that distinguishes words from each other. When a speech sound (phone) is used to differentiate meaning in words, we call this a phoneme
26
Allophone or allophonic variation
Variant pronunciations of a particular phoneme
27
Phonotactic constraints
Allowable combinations of sounds in a particular language
28
Coarticulation
Process that occurs as we produce sounds together in syllables, words, phrases, and sentences. Individual phonemes overlap Time-efficient way to reduce the demands of production
29
Assimilation
The changes that a sound undergoes when influenced by its sound environment. Usually result of coarticulation
30
Idiolect
Uniqueness of our speech caused by our vocal tract anatomy as well as our personal experience Includes: rate of speech, stress and intonation patterns, vocal quality, use of vocab and pronunciations
31
Speech
Verbal means of communication Both a pattern of the movements of the speech organs and a pattern of acoustic vibrations
32
Soeech community
Group of people who live in the same geographical boundaries and use the same language
33
Regional dialects
Ways of using language that are characteristic of people who live in a certain region
34
Lexicon
The list of morphemes in a language
35
Free variation allophone
When they can be exchanged for one another in a given phonetic context (pop - open or closed at the end)
36
Complementary distribution allophone
When they are not normally exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context
37
Phonetic symbols vs. phonemic symbols
Phonetic symbols used to represent allophones or phonetic VARIATIONS of phonemes are placed within brackets [k] phonemic represents sounds and placed within virgules /k/
38
Diacritic marks
marks used to modify a phonetic symbol when the phoneme has a large number of allophonic variations
39
morphemic transcription
the identification of meaningful units
40
phonemic transcription
identification of sound segments that have linguistic significance in the speaker's language
41
phonetic transcription
identification of the allophonic variants in a speaker's pattern of sounds
42
What's associated with each category? Dictionary Lexicon Phonemic System Phonetic Events
Words Morphemes Phonemes Allophones
43
Digraphs
sequences of two or more alphabetic characters that represent a single sound. e.g. path, phone, ghost, shy These sounds are single phonemes - different from consonant clusters e.g. st, sp
44
Morphs
Individual morpheme like shapes encountered in a language sample drunkometer - the o is a morph not morpheme because it doesn't hold particular meaning
45
phone
any occurrence of a sound segment of speech - building blocks to determine phonemes and allophones
46
neologisms
newly coined words sometimes produce strange twists in word derivations "workaholic"
47
allographs
Different letters or combinations of letters that represent the same phoneme e.g. the word "ship", allographs may be sh, s, ss, ch, ti, ci, x.
48
affixing
adding pre-fixes or suffixes to words
49
Alphabet
Greek alpha + beta; set of letters or other characters used for the writing of a language
50
What terms are used to denote sound locations at the beginning, middle, or end of a word
Initial, medial, final
51
Syllable-initial or syllable-final sounds also called
releasing and arresting sounds, as it releases the syllable at the beginning of the word or arrest the syllable at the end of the word e.g. t has a word-initial and syllable initial sound on it's own, but only syllable-initial sound in the word "turn"
52
Geminate
l. geminus, meaning "twin"; sounds occur together as a pair, that is, two adjacent sounds are the same e.g. "bookkeeper" - the two k's, but not the "oo" or "ee" as those represent one sound Occur medially (middle of words) or across word boundaries, as in "sad day'
53
General form of syllable
initial margin + nucleus + final margin
54
3 main positions of initial and final margins of a syllable
null (no consonant) single consonant cluster (sequence of consonants)
55
Onset
initial margin or releasing consonant of a syllable
56
Morphophonemics
Reflecting both sound and meaning Refers to changes in pronunciation (phonemic) when bound morphemes are added to word E.g. jumped has “t” sound at end, where jogged has “d”. Both added ed at end
57
Syllabary
Phonetic writing system that uses symbols to represent syllables rather than individual sounds E.g. deciding with (V) and (CV)
58
Grammar
The set of rules to combine units of meaning into novel utterance
59
Orthography (English)
Writing system that represents English using the 26 letters of the alphabet
60
Inflectional affixes
1. S (plural) 2. ‘S (noun possessive) 3. S (verb present tense third person singular “run to runs”) 4. Ing (verb present participle/gerund) 5. Ed (verb past tense) 6. En (verb past perfect participle) 7. Er (adjective comparative) 8: est (adjective superlative)
61
Compound words are one morpheme because?
They represent one entity E.g. sidewalks Cupboard Grandfather

Clinical Phonetics (13 decks)

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